Accidental Asian Analysis Essays - 891 Words

The Accidental Asian analysis paper sociology Eric Liu grew up doubting his own identity. Early on he had trouble dealing with the problems of being an Asian-American. Growing up in a white suburban neighborhood Liu constantly felt out of place in. The suburbs that he grew up in caused him to struggle with his individuality. Who and what was he? How did he fit in the â€Å"big picture† as an American? He grew up with a family that allowed him to choose what he wanted to be never forcing any culture on him. Because of this freedom to choose, Eric in turn could not figure out for himself how he should act in a modern United States society as a minority. Liu’s group of collective essay’s deals with the entire process of what it means to be†¦show more content†¦He states that he is not Chinese-American but Chinese American in that exact order. A different, more determined tone is conveyed throughout the rest of the book. The next topic deals with what he calls the â€Å"New Jews†. He believes tha t Asian Americans compare to Jewish immigrants in many ways. The final section of Eric Luis collection covers his marriage to a white women and how that may affect his own personal assimilation. In Liu’s memoir, he goes into great depth describing his father’s role in his life. His father’s sickness was cleverly masked from the family for so many years. Liu wants to be able to relate to his father’s past. He struggles with the idea that he will never have the same cultural background as his parents had. It worries him that he struggles with the Chinese language and feels as though his culture is fading from generation to generation. His father is described as having an â€Å"endless reserve of inner strength† pg 30. The emptiness Liu feels is in part because he thinks he cannot live up to his father. He emphasizes that his â€Å"chineseness† lies with his looks and behavior. He questions his own loyalty to his family because he does not truly believe that he is â€Å"shaped by ethnicity† but rather, â€Å"shaped by situation† pg 30. Sadly as Liu began envisioning his future with his father and even progressing toward id entifying with him, he passes and Liu falls back into questioning and reminiscing about what hisShow MoreRelatedImproving The Lives Of Street Youths952 Words   |  4 Pagesor drugs. Approximately 14% to 34% of street youths are forced to prostitute. When compared with general youths, the mortality rates of street youths are 11 times higher. In terms of Canada, this high mortality rate is caused mainly by suicide or accidental deaths from overdose, which accounts for over 20% of the deaths. This dangerous life is compounded by the government’s deterrent model for dealing with crime. Around 104,000 young offenders were accused under the criminal code in 2013. Key Considerations:Read MoreThe Quest Is A Carries For The Expulsion Of Iraqi Forces From Kuwait1114 Words   |  5 Pagesshift in the axis of world power, as developed nations adjusted to a new and relatively less self-sufficient reality. It explores the multifaceted world of the modern oil and gas industry, with new game changers, both as producers (Brazil, Central Asian), and also as consumers (the emerging economies of the BRICS nations). He explores the critical importance of electricity, this he characterized as the many essentials of modern society and communication, such as Ipads, smartphones, laptop computersRead MoreSatirical Comedy : Fice Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagescapable of not only reinforcing certain stereotypes, but also normalizing them, which can prove to be detrimental to the social progress that we have made as a country thus far. Just to provide some context on the sitcom as well as the episode under analysis, â€Å"The Office† is a mockumentary sitcom that delves into the everyday lives of employees within a paper company in Scranton, PA. As was briefly explained in the previous section, this show uses a satirical approach to sensitive topics, such as raceRead MoreSecurity and Internaional Regimes1091 Words   |  5 Pagesmaintaining our world out of the risk of WMD attack since the states do place more significance on their strategic or economic interest than the regimes. Kondapalli (2008) demonstrated the drives for WMD transfer and the possibly risk by analyzing Asian countries. For instance, China has engaged in transfers of WMD to either counter the US or strike for strategic and economic interest. Financial reasons are believed to triggering Chinese WMD transfer while some decentralized firms may even have transferredRead MoreThe Missing Malaysia Airline Flight Mh3701672 Words   |  7 Pages aviation. Safety culture of international civil aviation is the fundamental pillar of success but unfortunately aerial disasters occur. This article discusses about missing Malaysia Airline flight MH370 and the difficulties to manage search, rescue, accidental investigation, recovery efforts and lessons learnt. â€Æ' Introduction: Malaysia Airlines started in 1937, when it was registered as Malayan Airways Limited though its flying operations began in 1947 with the symbol of a winged tiger. In 1972, afterRead MoreThe Existence of Racism Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagescemented by three basic ideas. First, there is the fact that human beings can be divided naturally into different physical types (Vorster, 2002). For example, Africans are ‘typed’ by their dark skin color and by their curly hair; Asians are known for their ‘yellowish’ skin color, black hair and slanted eyes, etc. Often, solely on the basis of these physical traits, assumptions are automatically made that become â€Å"intrinsically related to their culture, personality and intelligence†Read MoreCulture Bias in the Media1778 Words   |  8 PagesFuture research recommended an investigation into possible over representation/under representation of violence and minorities in television programming. Although more minority characters are appearing on television in increasing numbers, recent analysis indicates that subtle racial biases still seep through in the portrayals of these groups (Gray, 1995). Incidental Learning Television is a very powerful medium. For many, television is a main source of information. Van Dijk (1987)Read MoreCauses of Road Accidents in Pakistan5901 Words   |  24 PagesJ. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan By Abdul Manan Khan1 and Ansa Tehreem2 Abstract Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads. Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groupsRead MoreSuccessful Accession of Crimea to Russia Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesCrimea: Not all states were against Russia, some chose to remain neutral or even be supportive of Russian actions. President Xi from China spoke of the situation in Ukraine and Crimea being highly complicated and sensitive, which seems to be accidental, but has the elements of the inevitable. He added that China believes Russia can push for the political settlement of the issue so as to safeguard regional and world peace and stability An article in the Chinese state-controlled press agencyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Homicide And The Varying Theories Of Criminology2794 Words   |  12 Pagesmoment† -- for example, during an argument or a time where the perpetrator is under severe emotional distress. Involuntary manslaughter constitutes an accidental death but including an intentional act that is considered negligent. Drunk driving, resulting in a fatal accident, is one of the most common forms of involuntary manslaughter. Accidental deaths without an intentional or negligent act -- for example, a homeowner who hires an electrician to replace faulty wiring in his or her house, who is

Mass Persuasion The Power of Public Speaking Essay

Mass Persuasion: The Power of Public Speaking One of the most basic forms of human communication, speech, is also one of the most complex and intriguing, both in and of itself and in its uniqueness as what many experts would say is the only solely human trait. Through thousands of years of existence, humans have developed and refined speech skills so as to be able to convey simple thoughts as well as deep emotions. While almost all humans are able to speak, some are naturally more gifted at speaking and are able to not only convey their own thoughts and feelings to others but are also able to impose their ideas and emotions on others so tactfully and decisively that the audience can be convinced of most anything. From Roman times to†¦show more content†¦Brutus is also able to apply logic to his argument when he talks of the oppression that would occur if Caesar were to remain in power and claims that the assassination was the only way to eradicate this problem. Through his use of ethos and logos, Brutus is able to sway the audience and gain full support of the public, but his argument which does not very well persuade emotionally will soon topple when the greater speaker, Marc Antony, takes the podium. Marc Antony is an awe-inspiring speaker, able to use all possible persuasion techniques. He speaks after Brutus at Caesar’s funeral, and because he is still loyal to Caesar, he is trying to persuade the audience to revolt against the conspirators who killed Caesar. To do this he utilizes not only ethos, pathos, and logos, but also a more advanced technique of reverse psychology. â€Å"I should do Brutus wrong and Cassius wrong, who you all know are honorable men. I will not do them wrong; I rather choose to wrong the dead, to wrong myself and you† (83), says Marc Antony as he uses reverse psychology to turn people against the conspirators as his first strategy of persuasion. His use of reverse psychology is ingenious in persuading the crowd, because basic human nature does not want freedoms to be restricted, so when Marc Antony places an idea on the crowd such as Brutus being honorable, the crowd immediately reacts to this restriction of their freedoms of opinion by th inkingShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Power Of Language1283 Words   |  6 Pages The Power of Language nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Of all possible human qualities, the one that wields the most power is the ability to use, understand and communicate effectively through language. A proficient use of language allows us to clearly communicate an exact idea from one person to another person or group of people. This precise science of being able to convey exactly what you want equates to the acquisition of power. An important link between language and power is persuasionRead MoreThe Power of Language1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Language Bob Jones 11-19-96 period 3 Mrs. Fox Of all possible human qualities, the one that wields the most power is the ability to use, understand and communicate effectively through language. A proficient use of language allows us to clearly communicate an exact idea from one person to another person or group of people. This precise science of being able to convey exactly what you want equates to the acquisition of power. An important link betweenRead More Language and Perception Essay examples699 Words   |  3 Pagescan lead to persuasion. The power of persuasion allows individuals to influence and control people (Dictionary.com, 2005). This tactic of persuasion can also be referred to as propaganda, which increases power by spreading information for the purpose of promoting some cause (Dictionary.com, 2005). The propagandist informs, usually through public speaking or mass media, hoping to persuade the audience to embrace their point of view. With the support of the audience, the speaker gains power. ThroughRead MoreComm 4331 Essays962 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs, attitudes, behaviors and values 2. What is correct and true about persuasion Receiver must think it is voluntary, 3. Define persuasion Persuasion: involves one or more persons who are engaged in the activity of creating, reinforcing, modifying, or extinguishing, beliefs, attitudes, intentions, motivation, and or behaviors within the constraints of a given communication context -- an activity or process, persuasion is a tow way street 4. Define values: Something important to you 5.Read MoreThe National Mass News Media911 Words   |  4 Pages1. The national mass news media, including broadcast networks and newspapers, are increasingly unable to fulfill their traditional roles as government watchdogs because neither broadcast networks nor newspapers have as great as a reach. Before cable and the Internet, the president reached the national public through national media, which desired to appeal to audiences covering the partisan divide. The major media outlets controlled the flow of news from Washington and the president’s access to whatRead MoreMax Webers Iron Cage For Bureaucracy1521 Words   |  7 Pagesbureaucracy can operate with his or her power to benefit only a certain group of elites (Morgan, 2006). A charismatic leader has the talent through formal authority to drive their members into performing. According to Morgan (2006), proclaimed, â€Å"a hero figure may acquire immense charismatic power that allows that person to control and direct others as he or she wishes† (p. 168). Abraham Lincoln is example of a charismatic leader during his time in office while speaking to troops or from the gatheringRead MoreEssay on The Genocides of the 20th Century1517 Words   |  7 Pagesstop the killings, and how the people were thought of as less than humans to provide a just cause for such terrible acts. In both cases of genocide, the killings were done as a way to ‘cleanse’ the population; they both resulted from a political power rising up and wishing to kill off any impurities or competition. In Rwanda, the Hutus wished to eradicate the rival tribe, the Tutsis, and take back their home. Political tension had existed between the Tutsis and Hutus for years, as the more powerfulRead MoreTrudeaumania: Role Culture Plays in Achieving Political Power1271 Words   |  6 Pagesthings like just watch me and fuddle duddle. He couldnt go out in public without being mobbed by vivacious crowds. We wanted his autograph and to have our photos taken next to him. He held celebrity status. He arguably ignited the most national pride and political interest our country has ever felt. He was Pierre Elliott Trudeau, the 15th Prime Minister of Canada. It was Trudeaumania. This connection between culture and power was clearly exemplified more recently during the 2008 United StatesRead More Stereotypes in the American Media Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesPropaganda is an effective device that is used to influence and manipulate human behavior by appealing to emotions. When propaganda is combined with stereotypes, it usually produces negative results. A simplified view of a group of people, spread by mass communication can cause people to be more narrow-minded and can alter their perspective. Living in the Information Age, people are exposed to a constant stream of ideas and images. These ideas can reflect the views of those with a hidden agenda. TheyRead MoreThe Radical And The Republican Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesdisaster.Overtime Lincoln began to believe that slavery corrupted the American experiment and that it must be done away with. Frederick Douglass had a public change of presenting antislavery politics. Overtime Douglass, a Garrisonian abolitionist, neglected the politics that had to do with the criticism of the constitution and moral persuasion after he realized that the rejection of the constitution and northern secession would leave. According to Oakes, it was the Mexican War that reawakened

Dengue Case Study free essay sample

Introduction Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection that in recent decades has become a major international public health concern. Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), a potentially lethal complication, was first recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. Today DHF affects most Asian countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in the region. There are four distinct, but closely related, viruses that cause dengue. Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong immunity against that virus but confers only partial and transient protection against subsequent infection by the other three viruses. There is good evidence that sequential infection increases the risk of developing DHF. The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. Some 2. 5 billion people – two fifths of the worlds population – are now at risk from dengue. WHO currently estimates there may be 50 million dengue infections worldwide every year. The spread of dengue is attributed to expanding geographic distribution of the four dengue viruses and their mosquito vectors, the most important of which is the predominantly urban species Aedes aegypti. A rapid rise in urban mosquito populations is bringing ever greater numbers of people into contact with this vector, especially in areas that are favourable for mosquito breeding, e. g. where household water storage is common and where solid waste disposal services are inadequate. Dengue viruses are transmitted to humans through the bites of infective female Aedes mosquitoes. Mosquitoes generally acquire the virus while feeding on the blood of an infected person. After virus incubation for eight to 10 days, an infected mosquito is capable, during probing and blood feeding, of transmitting the virus for the rest of its life. Infected female mosquitoes may also transmit the virus to their offspring by transovarial (via the eggs) transmission, but the role of this in sustaining transmission of the virus to humans has not yet been defined. Infected humans are the main carriers and multipliers of the virus, serving as a source of the virus for uninfected mosquitoes. The virus circulates in the blood of infected humans for two to seven days, at approximately the same time that they have a fever; Aedes mosquitoes may acquire the virus when they feed on an individual during this period. Some studies have shown that monkeys in some parts of the world play a similar role in transmission. Dengue fever is a severe, flu-like illness that affects infants, young children and adults, but seldom causes death. The clinical features of dengue fever vary according to the age of the patient. Infants and young children may have a fever with rash. Older children and adults may have either a mild fever or the classical incapacitating disease with abrupt onset and high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pains, and rash. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a potentially deadly complication that is characterized by high fever, often with enlargement of the liver, and in severe cases circulatory failure. The illness often begins with a sudden rise in temperature accompanied by facial flush and other flu-like symptoms. The fever usually continues for two to seven days and can be as high as 41 °C, possibly with convulsions and other complications. In moderate DHF cases, all signs and symptoms abate after the fever subsides. In severe cases, the patients condition may suddenly deteriorate after a few days of fever; the temperature drops, followed by signs of circulatory failure, and the patient may rapidly go into a critical state of shock and die within 12 to 24 hours, or quickly recover following appropriate medical treatment. There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. For DHF, medical care by physicians and nurses experienced with the effects and progression of the complicating haemorrhagic fever can frequently save lives decreasing mortality rates from more than 20% to less than 1%. Maintenance of the patients circulating fluid volume is the central feature of DHF care. At present, the only method of controlling or preventing dengue virus transmission is to combat the vector mosquitoes. Vector control is implemented using environmental management and chemical methods. Proper solid waste disposal and improved water storage practices, including covering containers to prevent access by egg-laying female mosquitoes are among methods that are encouraged through community-based programmes. The application of appropriate insecticides to larval habitats, particularly those that are useful in households, e. g. water storage vessels, prevents mosquito breeding for several weeks but must be re-applied periodically. Small, mosquito-eating fish and copepods (tiny crustaceans) have also been used with some success. During outbreaks, emergency vector control measures can also include broad application of insecticides as space sprays using portable or truck-mounted machines or even aircraft. However, the mosquito-killing effect is transient, variable in its effectiveness because the aerosol droplets may not penetrate indoors to microhabitats where adult mosquitoes are sequestered, and the procedure is costly and operationally difficult. Regular monitoring of the vectors susceptibility to widely used insecticides is necessary to ensure the appropriate choice of chemicals. Active monitoring and surveillance of the natural mosquito population should accompany control efforts to determine programme effectiveness. Anatomy and Physiology Blood Components * Plasma is a straw-colored liquid portion of the blood in which the cells and platelets are suspened. It makes up approximately 50-55% of a blood sample. It consist of water (approximately 92%), amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes and cellular wastes. Serum is essentially the same as plasma, only it has no fibrinogen and clotting factors. If whole blood is allowed to clot and the clot will be removed. Blood cells, along with platelets, comprise the remaining portion of the blood sample. The blood volume is approximately 8 percent of the total body weight. * Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. Erythrocytes contain the protein hemoglobin to which both O2 and CO2 attach. * Mature erythrocytes lack a n ucleus and most cellular organelles, thereby maximizing the cells volume and thus its ability to carry hemoglobin and to transport O2. * Erythrocytes are shaped like flattened donuts with a depressed center (rather than a donut hole). Their flattened shape maximizes surface area for the exchange of O2 and CO2 and allows flexibility that permits their passage through narrow capillaries. * Hemoglobin contains a protein portion, called globin, and nonprotein heme groups. Globin consists of four polypeptide chains, each of which contains a heme group. The heme group is a red pigment that contains a single iron atom surrounded by a ring of nitrogen-containing carbon rings. One oxygen atom attaches to the iron of each heme group, allowing a single hemoglobin molecule to carry four oxygen atoms. Each erythrocyte contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules. Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) forms in the lungs when erythrocytes are exposed to oxygen as they pass through the lungs. Deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) forms when oxygen detaches form the iron and diffuses into surrounding tissues. * Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2) forms when CO2 attaches to amino acids of the globin part of the hemoglobin molecule. About 25 percent of the CO2 transporte d from tissues to lungs is in this form. * Carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in erythrocytes, converts CO2 and H2O in the blood plasma to H+ and HCO3? About 65% of the CO2 collected from tissues travels in the blood plasma as HCO3?. Because they lack cellular organelles and thus physiology to maintain them, erythrocytes survive for only about 120 days. * Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs) has three types: * Granulocytes constitute 60-80% of the total number of leukocytes. They contain granules in their cytoplasm and act as phagocytes. The three types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils which are also referred as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. * Neutrophils are the most plenty of the granulocytes (55-70%). They act as a phagocytes that are less mature than a fully developed neutrophil. A shift to the left describes the increase in immature neutrophils resulting from activation of the bone marrow to produce white blood cells in response to infectious processes. As the bands mature, the nucleus becomes segmented and develops into neutrophils, which is why neutropils are often referred to as â€Å"segs†. Neutrophils are the first type of phagocytic cell to arrive at the site of invasion, drawn by chemicals released by damaged tissue and invading organism * Eosinophils accounts for 1% to 4% of the total number of circulatory leukocytes. They are also phagocytes but they are not efficient in this role compare to the neutrophils. They have the ability to engulf antigen-antibody complexes from allergic responses. They also have the ability to protect the individual from parasitic infections * Basophils (0. 5%-1% of all leukocytes) contain histamine, heparin and serotonin. These are similar to the mast cell activity seen in allergic and inflammatory reactions. Basophils have limited phagocytic activity. * Monocytes account for 2%-3% of circulating leukocytes and are large phagocytic cells produced in the bone marrow. Once they leave the circulation, they reside in tissues to become macrophages. Macrophages are responsible for removing dead and senescent cells as well as having the ability to engulf microorganisms. * Lymphocytes account for 20%-40% of circulating leukocytes. They originate primarily from the lymph nodes and also from the bone marrow. There are three types of lymphocytes: T-lymphocytes,B-lymphocytes and NK cells or mull cells. * Thrombocytes or platelets. Many of platelets are present in circulat ion. The spleen contains the remainder of platelets. Approximately 20,000 to 40,000 new platelets per cubic millimetre of blood are produced each day. The life span of platelets is approximately 10days. * `The major functions of platelets are to maintain homeostasis and coagulation. They have the ability to plug breaks in blood vessels and therefore are able to maintain the integrity of these vesssels * Platelets also release thromboplastin (factor 111) necessary for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, which is the first step of coagulation. Demographic Profile Name Address Age Sex Date of Birth Place of Birth Nationality Religion Civil Status Educational Attainment Father Occupation Mother Occupation OTHER Admitting Diagnosis: Acute Tonsilopharyngitis T/C Dengue Fever Syndrome Principal Diagnosis: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Attending Physician: Hospital Admitted: Date/Time Admitted: Date/Time Discharged: History of Present Illness According to the significant other, one day prior to admission the patient suffered fever with a temperature of 39. 5 Centigrade accompanied by productive cough able to expectorate yellowish non-blood tinged sputum. The patient was given Ibuprofen (Dolan) 250mg/ml to be taken every 4 hours but it didn’t relieve the patient. It was then followed up with Paracetamol 250mg/5ml with the same frequency. Few hours prior to admission, the patient still had a persistent fever which prompts the significant other to consult the present institution and through assessment, it was then advised that the patient should be admitted for further examination and management. History of Past Illness Through interview to the significant other, the patient was said to be completely immunized. The patient hasn’t been hospitalized for the past 7 years due to any accident or illnesses. The patient was said to be living in a concrete house but with a poor environment sanitation such as presence of garbages and stagnant water. Head to Toe Assessment BODY PART| FINDINGS| Skull| ? proportional to the size of the body, round, with prominences in the frontal area anteriorly ; the occipital area posteriorly, symmetrical in all planes, gently curved| Scalp/Hair| ? scalp is white, clean, free from masses, lumps, nits, dandruff ; lesions, with no areas of tenderness upon palpation; hair is black, evenly distributed ; covers the whole scalp, thick ; shiny| Face| ? oblong shaped, symmetrical, smooth ; no involuntary muscle movements| Eyes/Vision| ? yes are parallel ; evenly placed, symmetrical, nonprotruding, with scant amount of secretions, both eyes black ; clear; sclera is white ; clear; eyebrows are black, symmetrical, thick, can raise both symmetrically ; without difficulty, evenly distributed ; parallel with each other; eyelashes are evenly distributed ; turned outward; upper eyelids cover a small portion of the iris, cornea ; the sclera when the eyes are open, when the eyes are closed the lids meet completely , symmetrical ; the color is the same as the surrounding skin; lid margins are clear, without scaling or secretions; lower palpebral conjunctiva are shiny, moist, transparent ; salmon pink in color; iris are proportional to the size of the eye, round ; symmetrical; pupils are from pinpoint to almost the size of the iris, round, symmetrical, constricts with increasing light ; accommodation; able to move eyes in full range of directions| Ears/Hearing| ? ears are parallel, symmetrical, proportional to the size of the head, bean-shaped, helix is in line with the outer canthus of the eye, skin is the same color as the surrounding area ; clean; ear canal ispinkish, clean, with scant amount of cerumen ; a few cilia; able to hear whisper spoken 2 feet away | Nose| ? nose is in midline, symmetrical, patent; internal nares are clean, dark pink with few cilia| Mouth/Lips| ? lips are pinkish, symmetrical, lip margin is well-defined, mooth ; moist; gums are pinkish, smooth, moist, no swelling, n o retraction, no discharge; no dental caries; tongue is pinkish, slightly rough on top, smooth along the lateral margins, moist, shiny ; freely movable; cheeks are pinkish, moist ; smooth; frenulum is in midline, straight ; thin; soft palate is pinkish, smooth ; moist; hard palate is slightly pinkish; uvula is at the center, symmetrical ; freely movable| Neck| ? proportional to the size of the body ; head, symmetrical ; straight, no palpable lumps, masses or areas of tenderness| Thorax and Lungs| ? chest contour is symmetrical, spine is straight, no lumps, no masses, no tender areas, with clear breath sounds| Heart| ? no abnormal pulsations, pulsations are palpable ; visible in apical area| Breast| ? symmetrical, pinkish nipples, no cracks ; discharges, uniform in skin color, smooth ; intact, no lumps, masses ; tenderness| Abdomen| ? bdominal skin is unblemished, no scars, color is uniform with the body color, abdomen is rounded with symmetric movements caused by respiration; umbili cus is concave| Upper Extremities| ? symmetrical, with visible veins, fine hair evenly distributed, warm, dry ; elastic upon palpation, with area of tenderness on the left arm; palms are pinkish, warm, soft ; elastic; nails are transparent, smooth ; convex with light pink nail beds ; white translucent tips; 5 fingers in each hand; both shoulders, arms, elbows, hands ; wrists can be moved in different range of motion with relative ease; marks of petechial rashes| Lower Extremities| ? kin is smooth, fine hair is evenly distributed, absence of varicose veins, muscles symmetrical, length symmetrical, 5 toes in each foot, sole ; dorsal surface is smooth with pink nail beds ; white translucent tips; both legs, knees, ankles, ; toes can be moved in different range of motion with relative ease| Pathophysiology Predisposing factor Tropical areas Stimulates WBC Bite from mosquito (Aedes Aegypti) Virus enters circulation (Chikungunya Virus)) Virus disseminated to blood Precipitating factor Poo r environmental sanitation Mosquito carrying dengue virus Thermostat change Fever, flash skin and chills Stimulates hypothalamus Release of pyrogen IgG adheres to the platelet (initiates destruction of the platelet) Decrease clotting function thrombocytopenia Possible for bleeding rashes, melena, abdominal pain, low hgb, low hct and low rbc) stimulates intense inflammatory response Related Treatment Drug Infomation| Contraindications| Side Effects/ Adverse Effects| Nursing Intervention| Generic Name: ParacetamolDoctor’s Order: 250mg/5ml5ml p. o. every 4 hoursClassification: Anti-pyreticIndication: Treatment for feverDrug Action:Decrease fever by inhibiting the effects of pyrogens on the hypothalamic heat regulating centers and by a hypothalamic action leading to sweating and vasodilation| Contraindicated with allergy to acetaminophenUse cautiously with impaired hepatic function, chronic alcoholism, pregnancy, lactation. Side Effects Stimulation Drowsiness Abdominal painAdvers e Effects CNS: Headache CV: Chest pain, dyspnea, myocardial damage when doses of 5-8g/day are ingested daily for several weeks or when doses of 4g/day are ingested for 1 year GI: Hepatic toxicity and failure, jaundice GU: Acute renal failure, renal tubular necrosis Hematologic: Methemoglobinemia- cyanosis, hemolytic anemia- hematuria, anuria, neutropenia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia and hypoglycaemia Hypersensitivity: Rash, fever| Consideration * Assess for the temperature of the patient before giving the medication and during the peak level of the drug. Avoid using multiple preparations containing acetaminophen * Discontinue drug if hypersensitivity reactions occur. * Treatment for overdose: Monitor serum levels regularly, N-acetylcysteine should be available as a specific antidote; basic life support measure may be necessary. Education * Do not exceed recommended dose; do not take for longer than 10 days. * Advise patient that drug is only for short term use and to consult the physician if giving to children for longer than 5 days or adults for longer than 10 days. * Warn patient that high doses or unsupervised long term use can cause liver damage. * Report rash, unusual bleeding or bruising, yellowing of skin or eyes, changes in voiding patterns. | Drug Infomation| Contraindications| Side Effects/ Adverse Effects| Nursing Intervention| Generic Name: AmpicillinDoctor’s Order: Ampicillin 500mg IVClassification: PenicillinIndication: Active against: Streptococci, non penicillinase producing staphylococci, Listeria, Pneumococci, Enterococci, Haemophilus influenza, E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, Neisseria meningitides, N. gonorrhea, Shigella, SalmonellaDrug Action:Binds to bacterial cell wall, resulting in cell death| Contraindicated with allergy. | Side Effects: diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, rashesAdverse Effects: Seizure| Consideration * Monitor intake and output. * Assess food tolerance. Observe patient for signs and symptoms of Anaphylaxis( rash, pruritus, laryngeal edema, and wheezing) * Assess skin for â€Å"ampicillin rash†, normal allergic, dull red, macular or maculopapular, mildly pruritus. * Obtain a history before initiating therapy to determine previous use and reactions to penicill ins and cephalosphorins. Education * Instruct the patient to take medication around the clock and to finish the drug completely as directed, even if feeling better. * Caution patient to notify health care professional if fever and diarrhea occur, especially if stool contains blood, pus or mucus. | Date| Shift| Bot. #| Kind of Solution| Volume| Drops| CC hr| Time Started| 8/11/2011| 2-10| 1| PLR| 1L| | | 4:40pm| 8/12/2011| 6-2| 2| PLR| 1L| | | 8:05pm| 8/12/2011| 2-10| 3| D5 0. 3 Nacl| 1L| | | 9pm| Laboratory Result Hematology For a Complete Blood Count (CBC), specimens of venous blood are taken, it includes hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, erythrocyte (RBC) count, leukocyte (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) indices, and a differential white cell count. The CBC is a basic screening test and one of the most frequently ordered blood tests. | 08/11/2011 2:54pm| 08/12/2011 10:46am| 08/13/201105:29 pm| Normal Values| WBC| 3. 6| 4. 0| 2. 3| 5. 0 – 10. 0 X 10 g/L| DIFFERENTIAL COUNT| * NEUTROPHIL| 0. 66| 0. 27| 0. 34| 0. 40 – 0. 60| * LYMPHOCYTES| 0. 23| 0. 59| 0. 60| 0. 20 – 0. 40| * MONOCYTES| 0. 10| 0. 12| 0. 03| 0. 02 0. 08| * EOSINOPHILS| 0. 01| 0. 01| 0. 02| 0. 1 – 0. 03| * BASOPHILS| 0. 00| 0. 01| 0. 01| 0 – 0. 02| HEMOGLOBIN | 125| 135| 131| 140 – 175 g/L| HEMATROCRIT| 0. 37| 0. 40| 0. 39| 0. 42 – 0. 48| RBC| 4. 61| 4. 96| 4. 82| 5. 5 – 6. 5 X10 12/L| MCU| 81| 81| 80| 88 – 96| MCH| 27. 2| 27. 2| 27. 2| 27 – 33 pg| MCHC| 338| 337 | 338| 300 – 360 g/L| RDW| 11. 8| 11. 7| 11. 7| 12. 7 – 22. 7 %| PLATELET| 140| 142| 145| 150 – 450 X 10 g/L| MPV| 4. 74| 4. 6| 4. 6| 4. 5 – 7. 5 Fl| Urinalysis Urine tests include tests for specific gravity, pH and the presence of abnormal constituents such as glucose, ketones, protein, and occult blood. 8/11/2011 3:44 PM Urinalysis Macroscopic| | Chemical| | Color:Transparency:Microscopic:RBC:PUS Cells:BacteriaEpithelial CellsMucus ThreadsCrystalsAmorphous UratesAmorphous PhosphatesAmorphous BiuratesCalcium oxalate CastPUS CastCoarse Granular Cast:Fine Granular Cast:Remarks| YellowClearMicroscopic0 – 2 / HPF0 – 2 / HPFFewFewFewFew| SpecificPHNitrate: Protein:Glucose:ketone:Urobilinogen:Bilirubin:Leukocytes:Blood:Yeast Cells:Pregnancy:Micral Test:Others:| 1. 0156. 5NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNormalNegativeNegativeNegat ive| Serology Description| Result| Dengue NS: Ag| Negative| Dengue Blot| IgG| Negative| IgM| Negative| Recommendations * Boost immune system through eating rich in vitamin C foods and nutritious well-balance diet. * Increase oral fluid intake. * Call the physician and report any untoward signs and symptoms such as bleeding. Cover water drums and water pails at all times to prevent mosquitoes from breeding. * Replace water in flower vases once a week. * Clean all water containers once a week. Scrub the sid es well to remove eggs of mosquitoes sticking to the sides. * Clean gutters of leaves and debris so that rain water will not collect as breeding places of mosquitoes. * Old tires used as roof support should be punctured or cut to avoid accumulation of water. * Collect and dispose all unusable tin cans, jars, bottles and other items that can collect and hold water * Preventive Measures: (CLEAN). Accdg to DOH. Chemically treated mosquito nets Larvae eating fish Environmental clean up Anti mosquito soap/lotion Neem trees/eucalyptus tree

Strategic Plan, Part Ii Swott Analysis Essay Example

Strategic Plan, Part Ii: Swott Analysis Essay Strategic Plan, Part II: SWOTT Analysis BUS/475 SWOTT Analysis Today’s business world is one of many challenges; challenges with our Federal Government encroaching upon the business world with regulatory changes and restrictions, challenges with an ever-changing economic climate that seems to swing in either direction and challenges with both political parties that engage in meaningless finger-pointing, rather than looking for solutions. Having a Strategic Plan in place is important to ensure that any business has a successful start to their business life. Companies need to develop strategic plans that include performing a SWOTT analysis to establish how the business will survive in these tough economic times. A SWOTT analysis is defined as a situation analysis of an organization’s internal Strength and Weaknesses, external Opportunities, Threats and Trends faced by the company, are closely examined to chart a strategy for survival of the company, (Business Dictionary, 2011). By focusing on leadership, the legal and regulatory climate, global economic climate, technological advances, innovation, processes and systems trends, a company can determine what changes need to be made to survive. Below is a SWOTT analysis for an all online loan origination system called The Loan Doctor, LLC. Strengths The Loan Doctor’s fully integrated online format is similar to the questionnaire system that Turbo Tax uses in their software system; each â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† response sets up a new set of questions or responses for the next series of questions or responses; in the end, the system gets the right response it requires to make a decision to approve or deny the loan application. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Plan, Part Ii: Swott Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Plan, Part Ii: Swott Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Plan, Part Ii: Swott Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Loan Doctor, LLC recognizes the past inefficiencies, breakdowns in communication, confusion over the fees being charged and the interest rate being charged on the loan program and eliminates the confusing loan process that most people do not understand and most mortgage professionals have trouble explaining. The Loan Doctor, LLC also recognizes the general public’s frustration in dealing with personnel that are not as educated about the mortgage loan guidelines and process as they should be, rustration with rates changing at the last minute or fees that come up at the last minute. The Loan Doctor eliminates the need for undertrained personnel that can sometimes cause confusion of the information on the loan application, or failed follow-through by personnel; The Loan Doctor eliminates the human error factor altogether. This online structure allows for management to oversee each function or phase of the process. This structure also allows for minimal accounting and supervision. The Loan Doctor’s ongoing and increasing database will position the business to operate in high volume by being able to accumulate data and service their ongoing database for future refinance or streamlined needs. Weaknesses Older people of our population prefer to work face-to-face with a â€Å"live body† in person, rather than working on an online system where they cannot ask questions during the process. Because of the lack of a one-on-one interaction, many customers may feel like a â€Å"number† rather than a person; in today’s â€Å"entitled† society, many people like to feel important, with an online format, these same people may view this online format as â€Å"cold† and impersonal. Our location, or lack of a physical location, would be seen as a weakness. Other mortgage companies could try to capitalize on this format, claiming the exact cold and impersonal touches linked with this kind of all online origination system. Opportunities Legal, regulatory, compliance and RESPA requirements will have to be met with an internal â€Å"check balances† system that oversees these areas to ensure all files are met with RESPA, MDIA or HVCC requirements, and that files meet HMDA requirements for post-closing auditing. The online system would be considered innovative by most as it would eliminate the need for a Loan Officer or a Loan processor, skipping by both of these job elements going directly to Underwriting for loan approval; competition from other mortgage companies would attempt to discredit an all online origination system. There is an opportunity to reach customers in all areas of the country, once all compliance and licensing requirements are met, to originate and sell loans in other states using this same online internet system. Threats As stated above, other â€Å"mortgage shops† would attempt to discredit an all online origination system by pointing out the lack of a â€Å"live body† person to point questions to. To counter this, The Loan Doctor will employ knowledgeable mortgage professionals to handle questions in an online chat forum that walks the client through any questions they might have; these mortgage professionals would be paid per diem, per helped client. They would be fully trained on the software The Loan Doctor uses. These threats would be from the older portion of our population that likes face-to-face interaction vs. an online system where they cannot ask questions during the process. Competitors will have the ability to differentiate themselves in their processes vs. ur online process that won’t have sales-people to close the deal. To counter this, The Loan Doctor will need to offer the lowest fees and rates to be competitive to help offset any uneasy clients due to lack of human-to-human contact. Other threats include changes in laws or regulatory environments that could affect business in certain regions. To counter this, The Loan Doctor would need to have a strong compliance manager in place to oversee and regulate any changes, in any region, so the sake of closing the transaction for the client and for The Loan Doctor. Trends As our population continues to grow into the internet age, more and more people are becoming computer and internet savvy; the younger population would gravitate to an all online mortgage company as most simply do not have time to take out of their day to visit a loan officer in person (if the loan officer is available), or most do not like the feeling of being â€Å"sold† into a loan or lender. Internet mortgage leads continue to increase as many people would rather be anonymous and try and get as much information as they can before â€Å"showing their cards† to the lender. The Lending Tree is still one of the most popular online lead origination systems on the internet; The Lending Tree, in its â€Å"hay-day† proposed the lowest rate from the best four lenders that would offer their lowest fees and rates to get your business. The model at Lending Tree touted that â€Å"with Lending Tree; when banks compete, you win† and they sold the consumer on the premise that they would receive four offers within fifteen minutes (The Lending Tree 2012); the problem with Lending Tree is that they sold your information to other lead rigination systems and before the consumer knew what was going on, they were being contacted by 12-15 competitors. In closing, a full-time online loan origination system eliminating human error, tacky or opinionated sales people, unreliable or untrustworthy mortgage employees and files that seems to â€Å"sit on peoples desks† are virtually eliminated in an all online, error-free environment that will only rely an form ally trained Underwriters and IT personnel to track and push the file through approval, through Underwriting, through to Clear to Close, to loan docs and finally through the funding process to close the loan. The current economy has left the general public wary of trusting just about any bank or lender out there right now; with Wall Street bailouts, automobile manufacturer bailouts and politicians that seem to engage in finger-pointing rather than finding solutions, the general public is left to themselves to try and figure out what the best option is for them. Most would like to remain anonymous until they feel they have uncovered the best deal, before they are willing to expose themselves of â€Å"show their cards† to a company or system the no longer trust; an full-time online origination system, allows them to do just that; remain anonymous, while gaining information, before they are willing to commit or buy. References The Lending Tree (2012). When banks compete, you win, retrieved from http://www. lendingtree. com/ WebFinance, Inc. (2012). SWOT Analysis, retrieved from Businessdictionary. com: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/SWOT-analysis. html#ixzz26fyPzeXb Strategic Plan, Part Ii Swott Analysis Essay Example Strategic Plan, Part Ii: Swott Analysis Essay Strategic Plan, Part II: SWOTT Analysis BUS/475 SWOTT Analysis Today’s business world is one of many challenges; challenges with our Federal Government encroaching upon the business world with regulatory changes and restrictions, challenges with an ever-changing economic climate that seems to swing in either direction and challenges with both political parties that engage in meaningless finger-pointing, rather than looking for solutions. Having a Strategic Plan in place is important to ensure that any business has a successful start to their business life. Companies need to develop strategic plans that include performing a SWOTT analysis to establish how the business will survive in these tough economic times. A SWOTT analysis is defined as a situation analysis of an organization’s internal Strength and Weaknesses, external Opportunities, Threats and Trends faced by the company, are closely examined to chart a strategy for survival of the company, (Business Dictionary, 2011). By focusing on leadership, the legal and regulatory climate, global economic climate, technological advances, innovation, processes and systems trends, a company can determine what changes need to be made to survive. Below is a SWOTT analysis for an all online loan origination system called The Loan Doctor, LLC. Strengths The Loan Doctor’s fully integrated online format is similar to the questionnaire system that Turbo Tax uses in their software system; each â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† response sets up a new set of questions or responses for the next series of questions or responses; in the end, the system gets the right response it requires to make a decision to approve or deny the loan application. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Plan, Part Ii: Swott Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Plan, Part Ii: Swott Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Plan, Part Ii: Swott Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Loan Doctor, LLC recognizes the past inefficiencies, breakdowns in communication, confusion over the fees being charged and the interest rate being charged on the loan program and eliminates the confusing loan process that most people do not understand and most mortgage professionals have trouble explaining. The Loan Doctor, LLC also recognizes the general public’s frustration in dealing with personnel that are not as educated about the mortgage loan guidelines and process as they should be, rustration with rates changing at the last minute or fees that come up at the last minute. The Loan Doctor eliminates the need for undertrained personnel that can sometimes cause confusion of the information on the loan application, or failed follow-through by personnel; The Loan Doctor eliminates the human error factor altogether. This online structure allows for management to oversee each function or phase of the process. This structure also allows for minimal accounting and supervision. The Loan Doctor’s ongoing and increasing database will position the business to operate in high volume by being able to accumulate data and service their ongoing database for future refinance or streamlined needs. Weaknesses Older people of our population prefer to work face-to-face with a â€Å"live body† in person, rather than working on an online system where they cannot ask questions during the process. Because of the lack of a one-on-one interaction, many customers may feel like a â€Å"number† rather than a person; in today’s â€Å"entitled† society, many people like to feel important, with an online format, these same people may view this online format as â€Å"cold† and impersonal. Our location, or lack of a physical location, would be seen as a weakness. Other mortgage companies could try to capitalize on this format, claiming the exact cold and impersonal touches linked with this kind of all online origination system. Opportunities Legal, regulatory, compliance and RESPA requirements will have to be met with an internal â€Å"check balances† system that oversees these areas to ensure all files are met with RESPA, MDIA or HVCC requirements, and that files meet HMDA requirements for post-closing auditing. The online system would be considered innovative by most as it would eliminate the need for a Loan Officer or a Loan processor, skipping by both of these job elements going directly to Underwriting for loan approval; competition from other mortgage companies would attempt to discredit an all online origination system. There is an opportunity to reach customers in all areas of the country, once all compliance and licensing requirements are met, to originate and sell loans in other states using this same online internet system. Threats As stated above, other â€Å"mortgage shops† would attempt to discredit an all online origination system by pointing out the lack of a â€Å"live body† person to point questions to. To counter this, The Loan Doctor will employ knowledgeable mortgage professionals to handle questions in an online chat forum that walks the client through any questions they might have; these mortgage professionals would be paid per diem, per helped client. They would be fully trained on the software The Loan Doctor uses. These threats would be from the older portion of our population that likes face-to-face interaction vs. an online system where they cannot ask questions during the process. Competitors will have the ability to differentiate themselves in their processes vs. ur online process that won’t have sales-people to close the deal. To counter this, The Loan Doctor will need to offer the lowest fees and rates to be competitive to help offset any uneasy clients due to lack of human-to-human contact. Other threats include changes in laws or regulatory environments that could affect business in certain regions. To counter this, The Loan Doctor would need to have a strong compliance manager in place to oversee and regulate any changes, in any region, so the sake of closing the transaction for the client and for The Loan Doctor. Trends As our population continues to grow into the internet age, more and more people are becoming computer and internet savvy; the younger population would gravitate to an all online mortgage company as most simply do not have time to take out of their day to visit a loan officer in person (if the loan officer is available), or most do not like the feeling of being â€Å"sold† into a loan or lender. Internet mortgage leads continue to increase as many people would rather be anonymous and try and get as much information as they can before â€Å"showing their cards† to the lender. The Lending Tree is still one of the most popular online lead origination systems on the internet; The Lending Tree, in its â€Å"hay-day† proposed the lowest rate from the best four lenders that would offer their lowest fees and rates to get your business. The model at Lending Tree touted that â€Å"with Lending Tree; when banks compete, you win† and they sold the consumer on the premise that they would receive four offers within fifteen minutes (The Lending Tree 2012); the problem with Lending Tree is that they sold your information to other lead rigination systems and before the consumer knew what was going on, they were being contacted by 12-15 competitors. In closing, a full-time online loan origination system eliminating human error, tacky or opinionated sales people, unreliable or untrustworthy mortgage employees and files that seems to â€Å"sit on peoples desks† are virtually eliminated in an all online, error-free environment that will only rely an form ally trained Underwriters and IT personnel to track and push the file through approval, through Underwriting, through to Clear to Close, to loan docs and finally through the funding process to close the loan. The current economy has left the general public wary of trusting just about any bank or lender out there right now; with Wall Street bailouts, automobile manufacturer bailouts and politicians that seem to engage in finger-pointing rather than finding solutions, the general public is left to themselves to try and figure out what the best option is for them. Most would like to remain anonymous until they feel they have uncovered the best deal, before they are willing to expose themselves of â€Å"show their cards† to a company or system the no longer trust; an full-time online origination system, allows them to do just that; remain anonymous, while gaining information, before they are willing to commit or buy. References The Lending Tree (2012). When banks compete, you win, retrieved from http://www. lendingtree. com/ WebFinance, Inc. (2012). SWOT Analysis, retrieved from Businessdictionary. com: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/SWOT-analysis. html#ixzz26fyPzeXb

Tapped Water supply and Bottled Water Essay

Tapped Water supply and Bottled Water Essay Tapped: Water supply and Bottled Water Essay TAPPED In the documentary TAPPED directed by Stephanie Soechtig the horrifying effects of plastic water bottles on our health, environment, and our economy are uncovered. The documentary starts in Maine where the citizens of Fryeburg try to fight of Nestle, who is taking their water source. Basically what Nestle is doing is taking these citizens’ water and selling in back to them for more than it is worth without being taxed. The idea of water bottles became popular around the 1980’s and erupted from there. It is said to be one of the greatest market schemes of all time. Many customers believe they are receiving more healthy water, and fail to recognize the harmful effects on the body. The actual process of making these plastic bottles is detrimental to our environment. The amount of pollution and carbon dioxide these plants release is staggering. Families near the area of Corpus Christi, Texas are suffering from severe health issues and many fatalities due to the plant right in town. This is just one of the many examples of the effects of plastic making factories. Another issue when it comes to water bottles is the disposing of them. A good amount of all water bottles made either end up in the ocean or a land fill somewhere. Instead of being recycled, it is more convenient for people to throw them away. By filling the ocean with plastics, we are killing animals. The animals think the plastic is food, and when too much gets in their system they will die. Only 50% of Americans have recycling, which is a main reason they end up there. Also, by drinking bottled water we are also hurting ourselves. Bisphenol A is a primary component in most plastics water bottles, and many studies have been shown that is effects one’s overall health. Some health effects mentioned in the documentary were reproductive disorders, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, male impotence and many others. Knowing all these effects of BPA made me think there must be another material we can use. Personally, after watching this documentary, I will always buy BPA free water bottles. If everyone started doing this, they would be much healthier and cause the businesses that use BPA to switch over. There are also many other harmful ingredients in plastic water bottles. For example, one group of bottles was taken right from the shelves of a store and was contained toluene which is a chemical found in paint thinners and gasoline. They did another test in which they left a case of bottled water sitting in the trunk of a car for a week and the results were not what they wanted to see. The bottles contained styrene which causes cancer and phthalate which damages developing fetus. On e truth that this documentary digs out is that about 40% of all bottled

Quotes by Ahmed Skou Tour

Quotes by Ahmed Skou Tour Without being Communists, we believe that the analytical qualities of Marxism and the organization of the people are methods especially well-suited for our country.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, first president of Guinea, as quoted in Rolf Italiaanders The New Leaders of Africa, New Jersey, 1961 People are not born with racial prejudices. For example, children have none. Racial questions are questions of education. Africans learned racism form the European. Is it any wonder that they now think in terms of race after all theyve gone through under colonialism?Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, first president of Guinea, as quoted in Rolf Italiaanders The New Leaders of Africa, New Jersey, 1961 An African statesman is not a naked boy begging from rich capitalists.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, first president of Guinea, as quoted in Guinea: Trouble in Erewhon, Time, Friday 13 December 1963. The private trader has a greater sense of responsibility than civil servants, who get paid at the end of each month and only once in a while think of the nation or their own responsibility.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, first president of Guinea, as quoted in Guinea: Trouble in Erewhon, Time, Friday 13 December 1963. We ask you therefore, not to judge us or think of us in terms of what we were or even of what we are but rather to think of us in terms of history and what we will be tomorrow.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, first president of Guinea, as quoted in Rolf Italiaanders The New Leaders of Africa, New Jersey, 1961 We should go down to the grassroots of our culture, not to remain there, not to be isolated there, but to draw strength and substance there from, and with whatever additional sources of strength and material we acquire, proceed to set up a new form of society raised to the level of human progress.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, as quoted in Osei Amoahs A Political Dictionary of Black Quotations, published in London, 1989. To take part in the African revolution it is not enough to write a revolutionary song: you must fashion the revolution with the people. And if you fashion it with the people, the songs will come by themselves.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, as quoted in Osei Amoahs A Political Dictionary of Black Quotations, published in London, 1989. At sunset when you pray to God, say over and over that each man is a brother and that all men are equal.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, as quoted in Robin Halletts, Africa Since 1875, University of Michigan Press, 1974. We have told you bluntly, Mr President, what the demands of the people are ... We have one prime and essential need: our dignity. But there is no dignity without freedom ... We prefer freedom in poverty to opulence in slavery.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©s statement to General De Gaulle during the French leaders visit to Guinea in August 1958, as quoted in Robin Halletts, Africa Since 1875, University of Michigan Press, 1974. For the first twenty years, we in Guinea have concentrated on developing the mentality of our people. Now we are ready to move on to other business.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©. as quoted in David Lambs The Africans, New York 1985. I dont know what people mean when they call me the bad child of Africa. Is it that they consider us unbending in the fight against imperialism, against colonialism? If so, we can be proud to be called headstrong. Our wish is to remain a child of Africa unto our death..Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, as quoted in David Lambs The Africans, New York 1985. People of Africa, from now on you are reborn in history, because you mobilize yourself in the struggle and because the struggle before you restores to your own eyes and renders to you, justice in the eyes of the world.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, as quoted in The Permanent Struggle, The Black Scholar, Vol 2 No 7, March 1971. [T]he political leader is, by virtue of his communion of idea and action with his people, the representative of his people, the representative of a culture.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, as quoted in Molefi Kete Asante and Kariamu Welsh Asantes African Culture the Rhythms of Unity: The Rhythms of Unity Africa, World Press, October 1989. In the history of this new Africa which has just come into the world, Liberia has a preeminent place because she has been for each of our peoples the living proof that our liberty was possible. And nobody can ignore the fact that the star which marks the Liberian national emblem has been hanging for more than a century the sole star that illuminated our night of dominated peoples.Ahmed Sà ©kou Tourà ©, from his Liberian Independence Day Address of 26 July 1960, as quoted in Charles Morrow Wilsons Liberia: Black Africans in Microcosm, Harper and Row, 1971.

Human Resouce Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resouce Management - Essay Example The main features of the ‘best practice’ approach include strategy setting and planning, which places emphasis on management, regarding the need to set strategically designed organizational goals, then developing plans that will help the organization realize the strategic goals drawn to guide the organization (Bollinger, 2005). The second feature is risk management; where the feature directs that an organization should ensure that it develops and employs a system that will enable the management identify the risk facing the organization. The feature, further, insists on the need for assessing the risks as well as developing ways of treating the risks identified. A third feature is consultation, which emphasizes on the need for making consultations with involved parties, as well as other parties like the community of interest (O’Connor and Raber, 2001). The fourth feature is roles and responsibilities, which guides that the different members of the organization should perform their responsibilities and roles (Bollinger, 2005). The fifth feature is skills, independence and resources, which places emphasis on maintaining a balance between autonomy and control among members, so they can help reach organizational goals. The sixth feature is conduct and ethics, which emphasizes on the need for developing a mode of guiding interactions within and outside the organization. The seventh feature is job execution, where assessing the work of the board is given importance. The eighth feature is succession planning, which emphasizes on the need to develop a plan for the appointment of the successor of the overall manager. The ninth feature is financial and operational reporting, where emphasis is placed on the need to report operational and financial flows (Bollinger, 2005). The Best-fit approach to HRM holds that the practices of the human resources role should fit well with  other functions and organizational

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 61

History - Essay Example While studying in Vassar College, Inez organized a meeting in a cemetery aimed at addressing the suffrage of women. This was the cause of her suspension from the college (Lumsden 120). As a feminist, Milholland played an instrumental role in the championing of women rights. She started the advocacy for women’s rights while still in college; during her final year in college, she organized a women suffrage meeting at a cemetery near the college. Under the leadership of Milholland, a club known as Vassar Votes for Women club organized numerous meeting in Vassar College. Her efforts to pressurize President Taylor to allow suffrage debate did not get the recognition. However, this intensified the debate on whether the college should allow meetings that would address women suffrage. As a result of the efforts by Inez, several professors supported women suffrage, and they expressed their desire to have a debate on women suffrage organized at the college. Consequently, the holding debates on women suffrage got acknowledged at the college (Lumsden 121). The other notable contribution that Milholland made, as feminist, included being a suffrage orator. She gained the reputation as one of the most dedicated suffrage orator since she managed to stop a campaign parade in New York, which President William Howard had attended. She also contributed immensely to the suffrage movement by helping in organizing a suffrage parade in 1913, which was staged, in Washington D. C. This suffrage movement organized in New York was referred as the â€Å"American Joan of Arc.† Her eloquence in public speaking saw her rise; she became a prominent feminist in the women suffrage movement (Lumsden 122). In 1916, Milholland worked tirelessly by organizing tours where she made visits to twelve suffrage states in the west of the United States. She advocated for the rights of women while working for the Congressional Union, which had the mandate of advocating

Lobbying strategies used by financial services Essay Example for Free

Lobbying strategies used by financial services Essay General knowledge about patenting and the patent reform legislation. A patent can be said to be a se of exclusive rights given to an inventor or his assignee for a given period in exchange for the invention details. However in countries like us extras qualification utility patents is used to differentiate them from other types of patents, this should not be confused with utility models grants by other countries. (http://www.ipaustralia-gov.au/patents/what_index.sch.html)examples of these particular patents for invention includes biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents and software patents. In some other countries other types of intellectual property rights (IPR) are called patents while industrial design rights are referred to as design patents which protect the physical designs of objects which are not of great utility. As such therefore, patent should not be mistaken for a right to practice or use the inventor, it(patent) provides the authority to prevent other people from making, using, selling or offering for sale or importing the patented invention for as long as the term of the patent remains, which in most cases is usually 20years. In real sense a patent is a limited property right that the government leases to inventors in exchange of their (inventors) disclosure of the details leading to their invention. Patent therefore, like any other property rights can be leased, mortgaged, assigned, licensed, given away or even transfered.As briefly stated above the rights governing a patent varies from country to country. For instance in Australia, other people are allowed to build on top of already patented invention. This is possible by making use of exceptions from infringement procedures e.g. allowances for academic research (http. /paustralia- gov.au/patents/what_ index .sch.html). While on the other hand in US things are very different on patent rights governing research, whereby even developing of an existing invention amounts to infringement. The mystery of patents is exhibited when one wants to make an improvement of an already patented invention. This can only be done legally by seeking permission from the patent holder, assuming that the patent is still in force When the new improvement is made the owner of it can bar the original patent owner from using the improvement and hence denying him of the right to exploit the patent. However some countries require that the invention be exploited in the jurisdiction it covers. Again the penalties of not working an invention vary from country to country but the common penalties ranges from revocation of the patent rights to awarding of a license to any party in a position to exploit the invention. The patentee can seek legal redress and challenge the revocation or the issuance of the license. But there exists a big hurdle in offering of tangible evidence that, the requirement of the public have really been met by the working the invention. Generally patents can only be put in force through law suits (e.g. in US, patent infringements are handled in the US federal courts) in other countries like France and Australia criminal penalties for patent infringements are given. In case of an infringement the patent owner will demand to be compensated financially for past infringement and then also seek to bar the defendant (infringer)from engaging in any further acts of infringement. However it is not always easy for the patent owner to prove that infringement really took place. As such, he is required to establish that the accused practiced all that the patent was entitled to; again, the issue of independent jurisdictions patent rights tradition also arises. The above statements about the powers of a patent owner are enough evidence to show that there is a great limitation on the patent owner because the accused has a right to challenge the validity of a patent .It is common for civil courts hearing patent cases to declare patents invalid. The basis on which a patent can be declared invalid are stated on the patent agreement, and again this varies from one jurisdiction to another. However some countries like UK have laws discoursing infringers from challenging the validity of patents. In the UK this discouraged through the certificate of contested validity. Nevertheless not all patent rights disputes are settled through litigatation. Majority of these disputes are settled through private patent licensing agreements. These agreement are simply practical, effective contracts whereby the patent owner (also know as licensor) voluntarily decides not to sue an infringer in return of some payment .Research shows that this is common in companies which deals with complex products. These companies also issue patented licenses to other business rivals under what is known as cross licensing agreements. This in turn facilities the cross accessing of each other inventions (special problems in patent cases 66.FRD 529,197 by Howard T Markey) \ As seen above different jurisdictions have different traditions of approaching patenting, but it should be noted that in many nations both single entities (natural persons) and corporate entities can apply for a patent. On issuance of this patent then the entity (ies) becomes the owners of the patents. However, it is mandatory that the inventor (s) be named so that the public can get to know how the owner(s) of the patent acquired the rights. For example in US only the inventor(s) (natural person) can apply for a patent, in cases of multi inventors then each inventor is given a patent which s very independent from those given to other co- inventors . It is a normal practice also in US for inventors to assign their ownership rights to a corporate body, this is done in cases of multi-inventors so that only one single entity has the rights to grant a license. Another reason is to increase the liquidity of the patent as property, so that inventors can be in a position to sell them to a third party, who in turn owns the patent as though they were the real investors. From the above detailed information about the function ability of patents and patent rights it is evident that patents and patent rights need to be protected by relevant laws so that neither party i.e. patent owners, authorities, and infringers is vulnerable to mistreatment. Therefore nations and also internal communities have come up with laws that govern the enforcement of patents. Patents as such therefore, are governed by laws at a national level and at an international level through signing of treaties. It can be said that patents are therefore not national but territorial in nature. It is traditional that every nation forms a [patent office which carries out patenting responsibilities in regards of the laws of the country. However cases of infringements are left to be catered by national courts. On an international scale it is the work of the world Trade organization (WTO) to harmonize these patent laws. Agreement have been reached successfully in aligning these patent laws .Adherence to these agreements is a mandatory requirement for admission to the WTO, a factor leading to mass compliance by many nations .Even the developing countries are not left back although they have been known to enforce national laws protecting their local industries. A paramount international meting held in Paris relating to patent systems culminated in the signing of the above agreement. Although the agreement does not have a consequential legal effect in national jurisdictions its principles are largely inculcated in many current patent systems. For instance one such principle is the right to claim priority which allows an application filled in a member state of the Paris meeting to be valid for one year and also to be filled in any other member state and still receive its original filling date. This is a great achievement since patent ownership is entirely date oriented. Again the powers and dynamics of patents vary from sate to another. In US for example, the lands prime law (constitution), gives the congress the mandate to make laws, to promote, and uphold the progress of Science and useful Arts. These laws once passed, are then enshrined in Title 35 of the United States Code. The United States patent and trademark office (USPTO) was created under the above laws. (US patent activity, 1790 to present – http://www. Upstaged/web/ offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/h-counts-html). In UR, patent laws are contained in the patents Act 1977 (amended). On international perspective, as mentioned above there exists international freely procedures e.g. procedures under European patent convention (EPC) which works under European patent organization (EPO) and patent cooperation Treaty (PCT) among many others. Similar treaties exist in African content countries. For a natural person or a corporate entity to be awarded a patent then an application requesting the same has to be filled at the relevant patent office. This application contains such information like how to make and put the invention into use and also the utility of the invention. Also contained in the application form is claims which explain more about the invention and the extend of patent rights in regards to applicants wishes. The above details together with a written description with drawings are part of the patent specification. In some nations like US, the applicant is also required to include the most effective way to make and practice the invention. The claim part acts as a disclosure to the public on the limits to which the patentee has over the invention. In other words a claim shows what the patent covers and what does not cover. It should be noted also that a single patent can have numerous claims, each regarded as an independent invention. Once the above requirements have been provided it is now the duty of the patent office to counter check whether the application is in order with the relevant legal provisions in relation to the particular specie of patents. Once it is approved the patent takes effect from the date issued and it is subject to yearly renewals so as to remain in force in relation to (Egbert vs. Lippmenn, 104 U.S. 333 (1881) â€Å"the corset case†) The US supreme court passed a decision that any inventor who has not applied for a patent for more than eleven years of using the invention, cannot be given one. Hence there is a need to seek for a patent once an invention has been made (http://www. Wolf Greenfield. Com/media/news. 9.pdf) In a summary of the above information about patent system four main aspects have clearly been discussed about, they include; i. Inventing: Through intensive research and consulting Scientists and artists are able to come up with inventions. The desire to dig more and come up with inventions is catalyzed by the existence of patent rights. Which comes with much money as a result of selling patent licenses ii. Disclosing the invention made: As per the meaning of patent, the disclosure of invention is for a common good. This is so because there are projections as to the rights of invention and hence inventors feel free to disclose their invention. This disclosure facilitates for exploitation of patent right when the current one expire or even improvements are made. iii. To invest in producing, experimenting, and marketing of the invention. This is done out the faith that infrequent cases are well protected against. iv. Designing and improving of earlier patents: This can only be possible is details of already existing patents are disclosed to the public. All the above stuff concerning modern patent system allows for infant inventors to gain exclusive rights and therefore becoming licensors. They therefore gain financially and in the long run promoting more innovations. Due to loopholes the legal systems governing patents cases of double awarding of patents have been common. (According to R.Buck minster Fuller 1938). Due to the increasing number of inventions the patent filling systems are becoming more complex day and day and hence there is a likehood of awarding a patent to an invention already patented before. However with the introduction of reliable computing system this has been kept at bay. According to Michael Heller, a law professor and Rebecca Sue Eisenberg in a 1998 in their 1998 science article, intellectual property Rights (IPR) have become so much fragmented that signing them will require an agreement with all the owners of fragments. Another big hurdle in patents is that they discourage innovations especially with corporate entities who may own many patents and enter into litigations incases of infringement although they are doing absolutely nothing to develop the invention. Other numerous problems also exist and as a result critisms have been common opposing the patents system and proposing for their abolition altogether. Lastly, it will be fair to put forth some historical information regarding the existence of patents. Reliable evidence suggests that the first stints of patents can be traced to ancient Greek cities whereby any one who came up with a new recipe was allowed to make the food for one year. On the other hand, modern patents can be traced to the republic of Venice whereby new inventions were publicly communicated to prevent undue infringement. Other countries followed suit e.g. U.K, US and therefore the idea of patents spread through other parts of the World. The above detailed account about patents gives a reader of this paper a sound basis to now tackle the issue of financial services industry, lobbying strategies in the addressing of the patent reform bill (legislation) before the 110th congress. As already explained above the patents system in united states are under the body known as United States patent and Trade mark organization (USPTO).This body is therefore incharge of issuance of patents to inventors. According to a 2004 report by National Agency of a sciences and another report of 2003 report by Federal Trade Commissioner a bill (patent Reform Act 2005) was proposed. The main aim of this bill was to try and bring a theme of modernity in the USA patent system. Although it was not until 2007 when this bill was introduced to the bicameral US parliament (Senate and House of representatives). This bill now known as â€Å"The patent Reform Act of 2007† was introduced as a proposal in the 110th US congress for discussion and eventual change of the United States Patent Laws. The bills main objective was to bring the American patent laws to the same level with other countries patent laws. (According to a patent system for the 21st century, by Stephen. A. Merrill Richard L. Levin and mark B. Myers, 2004- (http://www ton.nap.eds/catalog//76.html) The main changes brought by this legislation were I). Converting US from a first- to- invent system to a first- inventor- to -file system. This bill will bring US to conformity with other countries of world. This system will also reduce legal costs, simplify the patent process, improve fairness and also facilitate a movement towards harmonized international patent system. It is also agreed that this change will reduce the complexity associated with the current USPTO interference proceedings. This will therefore make inventors to focus more on inventing. Since this change would make US to be in harmony with other countries it will help US inventors to pursue their innovative dreams in more consisted manner. On the hand, critics have agreed that this system of first to file will encourage unnecessary USPTO with unharmonized disclosure information; therefore quality of patents is compromised. Again the small scale inventors will be at a disadvantage when competing with large co operations in the race to the pattern office. The next major change was apportionment of damages. The bill will seek to bring sanity in the award of damages due from infringements of patents. The bill allows a court of law to ensure that the damages are paid according to the prevailing economic conditions pertaining to the patented invention. This was seen a measure to cut excessive royalty payment infringed patented. Large technological companies and financial services industries supported this change because they lie on features which are in most cases in patented. Critics of this system argued that, the congress should not attempt to prioritize the factors that a court may apply when determining reasonable damage rights. This system may also undermine the existing licenses and therefore leads to the rise of litigation. Those critics included USPTO, the biotechnology among many others. Other charges embedded in the bill included; Allowing a third party assignee to file a patent application, Revising procedures for patent interference disputes; Allowing financial institutions to infringe patents on the check collection system, Allowing a person who is not the patent owner to file a petition with the board cancel a patent as invalid among many other changes. These changes sought to facilitate a general overhaul of the US patent system. Which according to the coalition for 21st century patent Return was in dire need for periodic examination and foundational changes (http://www.ipfrolmer.com/depts/artic.asp?id=14890deptid=4) This reform bill on patents was introduced to the House of Representatives by a democrat, MR. Howard Berman and in the senate by another Democrat, MR. Patrick Leahy. It was passed in the House of Representatives but put under more scrutiny pending voting in the senate following its introduction in the 110th United States Congress. The bill has been faced with positive and negative critisms from different organizations. Those organizations lobbying for its subsequent adoption argue that, the bill is necessary to bringing in the much needed changes and consequently reduce the number of soaring ills which are killing innovation. Some of these organizations include coalition for patent fairness, Business software alliance intellectual property owners association and lastly American institute of certified public accounts. Those according to them are weakening the rights of patent owners innovations included the following national small business organization, innovatiove alliance, Biotechnology industry organization among others (http://www.napp, org/resources/nap opp to 2007 senate Bill. pdf) According to the US department of commerce the only part which need some revision is section 4 which they argue may harm the nation’s intellectual property system. The bill also attracted critisms from international community with a Chinese expert calling the bill hypocritical; since it is weakening the rights of patent owners in US when US has been urging the Chinese government to strengthen the rights of their patent owners. An observation also comes from India pharmaceutical Alliance who argued the bills provision allows for the validity of a US patent to be challenged immediately after issuance. They also predict that the bill may favour Indian manufacturers since it reduces legal costs and risks. (Http.economictrimes.com/article show/mst 22256,pr+page – 1.cms1) The lobbying strategies The first question one should ask himself when tackling this debate is very simple, how is the proposed patent reform bill going to affect the performance of the financial institutions? Secondly has the current patent laws been in â€Å"favor† of the financial institutions? With these two questions in mind then it is very easy to the financial institutions stand in respect to these reforms. Consequently, therefore, the lobbying strategies they employ will be directly related to these effects. This issue of patent reforms may seem to a nonprofessional to be of no consequential impact and therefore does not deserve much thought but to the business community things are very different. The above detailed account of the pros and cons of the patent reform bill, it is very clear that there exists a tug-of war between some of the corporate US citizens. On one side of the war are much dreaded patent trolls or better known as patent sharks-small firms or individuals who wit fully trap large manufacturers in patent infringement suits in order to benefit from damage awards. On the other side of this war are financial institutions, which, includes banks and insurance firms who have joined hands with large tech-companies. It is understood that these two sectors have been faced with regular lawsuits coming from the much-dreaded patent sharks. At the center of the dispute is the current Americas patent system that is suffering from lack of a major policy overhaul for along period of time and struggling to stay in level with innovation in thev21st century. Therefore, financial institutions have always found themselves in a hot spot under the current patent laws. It is in this light that any reforms that seeks to address their plight is seen as a relieve to them. The first strategy therefore employed by these financial institutions was the formation of a bargaining platform in the form of â€Å"the coalition of patent fairness†. This group lobbied the senate to help curb the weak patents and bourgeois lawsuits from patent sharks. The group also lobbied against a ruling made by the federal appeals court that opened doors for patents on business methods, including different types of banking, investments and insurance techniques. It is through this lobbying that, the senate judiciary committee included a provision that grants banks immunity against lawsuits from patent holders like Texas Company Data Treasury, which holds patent on a method of digitally scanning, sending and storing checks. Another strategy used by financial firms is by applying for patents. These patents unlike those of other industries are not primarily for financial gains but for defensive purposes against the escalating number of patent infringement cases from the much-dreaded patent sharks. Financial institutions in US are also exploiting the fact that US is the only nation in the world to have been left back using the first-to-invent system of patenting to lobby the international organizations (WTO).this seems to have borne fruits because the USPTO seems to have yielded to the pressure and therefore agreed to bring some changes. This has worked through the harmonization of the US patenting system with the rest of the world. After the House of Representatives passed its version of the bill, many AUTM members frantically contacted their congressional members a move that enabled many parts of the bill to be amended. However the senate bill remained to be harmonized. Following great concern from the university community and other bodies, a number of changes were made. One lobbying strategy, which financial services institution used was voicing their concerns through the AUTM, an organization of many universities and other bodies that induces closeness to industries. It should be noted that the AUTM and the university community were not in anyway against the improvement of US patent system. Their main concern was to see that before the bill was finally voted for in the senate, the contentious parts should be first fine-tuned. As a show of great support to the improvement of the US patent system, the university group therefore put fourth the following suggestions (i) a one-year grace period for first inventor and strong inventor oath should be included. ii)Removal of the previous user rights expansion in favour of study of issue university patent can be in a risk of expanding prior user rights iii) Venue reform provision that exempt universities and technology transfer foundations that offer patent services to universities. The bill as it were had many provisions that were of great concern to US universities chiefly because it undermined the ability of the universities to transfer technology to local industries. This was due to the making of patents difficult to protect decreasing the amount of damages patent holder can get from an infringer and opening new avenues for infringers to put to task the validity of issued patents. This change of USPTO rules and the issue of Supreme Court in mind made it more burdensome, and expensive to get, maintain and even enforce patents. It also poses difficulties for Universities when starting companies, which attract venture funding. Other areas, which concerned Universities and financial institutions were, are as follows:- i. A compulsory search report and analyses, which reflect heavily on the financial aspects of Universities on technology, transfer offices. ii. Absence of meaningful inadequate contact reform iii. An open-ended, post-grant administrative review of patent quality. iv. Venue reform policy that forces patentee to file suits in the infringer home district court and v. Apportionment of damages in patent infringement suits. Another strategic lobbying device at the disposal of financial institutions and other concerned organizations was through approaching federal relations officer near them. These federal relations officers are discharged with the main duty of acting as the intermediaries between the people and senate (legislators). Due to the bill, having so many controversial sections, there was an urgent need for the stakeholders to harmonize their divergent views and come up with a consensus. This was achieved through the congressional research service (CRS) an arm of United State Congress that provides policy and legal advices to committees and members of both the house and the Senate regardless of party affiliations. The CRS committee collects views from the public and then they act accordingly. Again, this CRS also carries out civic education concerning the interpretation of bills and their effect to the lives of the common person. Holding of workshops and seminars with the other stakeholders was another worthwhile strategy used to help bring every concerned party on board so that when the legislation is adopted no one would feel shortchanged. Workshops are known to bring warring parties together on a mutual agreement. These workshops therefore lobbied the opposing bodies into ceding some of their unrealistic demands. Financial services institutions through their attorneys lobbied the senate judiciary committee into making provisions that gave them more power in the using of technologies made by other inventors. These technologies are necessary in the improvement of banking services offered to customers. The bill therefore needed to be lobbied and subsequently harmonized. Conclusion The AUTM through their technology transfer managers evaluated impact of the long legislation on its general operations and therefore come up with a strategy, educate the university management and also other interested and the work with the federal relations officer, who in turn contacts the lawmakers. This technology transfer managers advice the legislators on the need to go the dialogue way so that at end of it all no constituency feels as being shortchanged by the passing of the patent reform legislation. In general, the current state of the bill would weaken the entire American patent system by making patented under to protect. The damages entitled to a patent owner after an infringement has been reduced adding salt to the wound. New avenues for infringers to challenge an already issued patent have also been opened. Although the bill continues to be harmonized bit by bit, the university technology transfer system still view some areas as not fully catered for. The legislation also provides for a patent trial and appeal bond, which is charged with the responsibilities of reviewing decisions of examiners upon applications and reexamination proceedings. Financial services institution therefore can utilize this avenue in addressing and subsequent challenging of the patent reforms legislations. This board comes as an indicator on how this reform legislation has deliberately been drafted and therefore only needs to be harmonized on the small areas. However, it is fair to say that America need this bill to at least bring some uniformity with rest of the world because it has been the only country adopting the first-invent system of patenting. Two, according to Senator Leahy, America needs an efficient and streamlined patent system if it is to remain in the forefront of the world economy. This patent will bring quality and at the same time discourage counter productive litigations. Senator Berman on his side argued that, there should be no doubt, as to whether the US system of patenting produces high quality patents, and therefore changing the existing patenting practices through the congress is the only way out. The bill also, should not be viewed with suspicion since it was founded and introduced in the two houses on a bipartisan basis. It is also the bedrock of American innovation, and therefore there is great need to protect innovation and creativity, according to Senator Hatch. Financial services industry being one of the major economic players of the United State of America, needs also to standup on its own and voice out their grievances. In addition, financial services institutions like banks and insurance companies have a duty to challenge the patent reforms legislation because they have started to seek protection from infringement lawsuits from patent sharks. This was facilitated through the introduction of financial patents. References; More about patent reforms, available at, 1) http://www.ipfrolmer.com/depts/artic.asp?id=14890deptid=4, accessed on april30 2008 Effects of patent reforms, available at, 2)Http.economictrimes.com/article show/mst 22256,pr+page – 1.cms1) , accessed on april30 2008 Patent reforms for 21st cen. available at, 3) http://www ton.nap.eds/catalog//76.html) accessed on april30 2008 US patent and trademark office, available at, 4) http://www. Upstaged/web/ offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/h-counts-html accessed on april30 2008 Regulations governing patent application, available at, 5) http://www. Wolf Greenfield. Com/media/news. 9.pdf) accessed on april30 2008 More about patenting, available at, 6)http://www.ipaustralia-gov.au/patents/what_index.sch.html) accessed on april30 2008 Patenting and innovations, available at, 7) Heller, M.A., Eisenberg, R.S. (1998). Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Ant commons in Biomedical Research. Science. Different organizations response towards the patent reform bill, available at; 8) http://dev.bsa.org/country/public%20policy/patents.aspx, accessed on april30 2008