Baby Dumping Among the Teenagers

The pie chart shows what could immediate reason for the teenagers to dump babies. There are several reasons for them to dump babies.Based on figure 6, 71% shows the reason for the teenagers to dump babies is feeling ashamed, followed by afraid of parent approval which is contributed 29%.As a conclusion, most of respondents choose afraid of parent approval as an immediate reason for the teenagers to dump babies.Figure 2 The chart above shows respond from respondents about is it fair to dump a baby if the mother is forced to. Based on the figure above, 17.6% of the respondents say yes about this question. Beside that 82.4% of respondent say no.As a conclusion, majority of respondent say no. In fact, child is a priceless gift from Allah SWT. So that is very unfair to punish them because of our sin. It is narrated in holy Al-Quran 81: 8-9 :â€Å"When the girl-child that was buried alive, Is asked for what crime she was slain?'.Therefore, dump a baby not a solution to address this issue. Factors influence of baby dumpingFigure 3From the figures the three highest factors influence of baby dumping are lack of religious upbringing, poor application of religious knowledge and lack of parented care supervision.Figure 1 above showed 20 respondents choosing the lack of religious upbringing is the highest factors responsible for the problem of baby dumping among teenagers in Kuala Lumpur. Meanwhile, 17 respondents choosing the poor application of religious knowledge as a factor number 2 and 11 respondents choosing the lack of parented care supervision as a factor number 3 as a causes for the problem of baby dumping among teenagers in Kuala Lumpur.As a conclusion, there are seven causes of baby dumping. Out of the seven causes of baby dumping from our survey, respondents have choosing the 3 main causes namely, lack of religious upbringing, poor application of religious knowledge and lack of parented care supervision and the two lowest factors of baby dumping are media influe nce and economic problem (poverty).Seven main causes of baby dumping among teenagers in Kuala Lumpur1. Lack of religious upbringing In this case, we don’t deny that the lack of religious upbringing is the main reason for baby dumping cases to occur. Usually, groups of adolescents are involved in the case of abandoned babies. Lack of religious teachings and guidance to life cause them to lose direction in life and engage in negative symptoms, such as free association. Adolescents who are engaged in free sex tend to result in unwanted pregnancy before marriage. In this situation, teens who lose their faith measure inhumane and would leave their newborns  in places like public toilets, litter bins, side drains and so on2. Poor application of religious knowledge â€Å"Religious prayer pole† said our Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. When someone lacks of their religious prayers, their whole life is damaged. Without religious, humans are blind as they cannot have proper guidance to life.3. Lack of parental care supervision Sometimes, parents are always busy with their work. Teenagers must pay attention to them a lot. They need love and they need friends to talk about their problems. Some teenagers like to take opinions from their friends of different gender. When that happen, some of their boyfriends take advantage to do free promiscuity. When unwanted babies are born they are dumped because of absence of adult adence.4. Family break-up Family break-ups happen after a long period of misunderstandings, fighting and unhappiness. Sometimes they happen suddenly and it is hard for children to understand the situation. Children are mostly affected by this kind of situation. If both their mother and father decide to a divorce and cannot raise their children alone, the tendency is that they will dump their child. This child will become homeless and find himself alone.5. Peer Influence In addition, peer influence also leads to cases of baby dumping occurred. This is b ecause at a young age, teens are very easily influenced by their peers. This problem becomes worse when they associate with negative peers. Negative friends will invite young people to do things outside the boundaries of religion and norms of society, such as going to places of entertainment such as disco, taking drugs and doing free association. Many teens who fall into promiscuity, and eventually reach a dead end to find her self with unwanted pregnancy. In desperation, they have to discard their babies.6. Media influence As we know, media such as Majalah Mangga, URTV always publishes many articles and news about social life. Sometimes television also highlights social life. Such matters encourage teenagers to follow the example expose.7. Economic problem (poverty) If the teenagers come from poor family, they always have economic problem. Sometimes they see economic problem as a one way to go far away from the family. Sometimes they become prostitude to make some easy money. So fr om promiscuous activity. When unwanted babies are borned, without think, they dump the babies anywhere without mercy.

Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation

The Fourth Noble Truth is the Noble Eightfold Path, which is also referred to as â€Å"Magga. † The Noble Eightfold Path essentially has three main parts: Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation. These three sections represent the eight sections of the Noble Eightfold Path. Wisdom is broken down into â€Å"Right View† and â€Å"Right Intention. † Next, morality consists of â€Å"Right Speech,† â€Å"Right Action,† and â€Å"Right Livelihood. † Finally, meditation consists of â€Å"Right Effort,† â€Å"Right Mindfulness,† and â€Å"Right Concentration. † One may think that these eight parts must be followed in a specific order, however, all eight parts work mutually dependent of each other. Right View is a part of Wisdom and, according to our class lectures, is the â€Å"Middle Way between eternalism and nihilism; the emptiness of all things. † Right View distinguishes wholesome (beneficial) things from unwholesome (harmful) things. A few examples of unwholesome things from our class notes are: onslaught of living beings, taking what is not given, sensual misconduct, lying speech, divisive speech (idol speech), harsh speech, covetousness, and wrong view. The roots of unwholesomeness can be narrowed down to three things: greed and desire, hatred and anger, and ignorance and confusion. Thich Nhat Hanh describes the importance of Right View and what it is within chapter 9. Right View is known as samyag drishti. TNH talks about how seeds are planted within our bodies, and everyone has them. I thought it was the coolest analogy when TNH taught of these seeds within our bodies. It seems like everyone has each kind of seed of all different traits, but it depends on whether or not those seeds are watered within our bodies. He says: If you live in an environment where your seed of loyalty is watered, you will be a loyal person. But if your seed of betrayal is watered, you may betray even those you love. You’ll feel guilty about it, but if the seed of betrayal in you becomes strong, you may do it. (TNH, 51) This is such an amazing statement because I am a fairly strong believer that you are the product of your environment. Most people do whatever the â€Å"status quo† is in their neighborhood and rarely does anyone make a big jump to do something drastically different. I feel like all people are created the same, at least mentally, and it is up to the upbringing to form how someone acts in life. The reading of TNH’s chapter 9 discussed how it is up to the individual to decide which seed grows more than others within one’s body. In class we discussed how one can try to keep the seed of anger, for example, from growing. It is up to the individual to essentially stunt the seed of anger’s growth when one feels any possibility of anger coming in. While pushing the feeling of anger away, one should try to grow the seed of loving-kindness instead. Within my own life, I try to live by the idea of â€Å"killing people with kindness. † This is my third year as RA here on St.  Bonaventure and when I confront a situation, I try to always be as nice as possible. There’s nothing better than when we are documenting a room for a violation, usually alcohol related, and being overly nice to them. They have no idea how to handle the niceness in the situation. It just makes the situation so much better in the long run. Most people act very mad and rude to us when they are being documented and they don’t expect us, the RA’s, to be nice to them, but when we are nice to them and don’t let their obscene â€Å"hate words† affect us, they don’t know what to do. I feel like this could be a small example of growing my seed of kindness because I could get very angry about the students calling me hateful names for simply doing my job. Instead, I try to do what TNH said in Chapter 10, â€Å"†¦replace an unwholesome thought with a wholesome one by ‘changing the peg,’ just as a carpenter replaces a rotten peg by hammering in a new one. † (TNH, 62) In this example of my RA duties, I replace the unwholesome thought of harsh speech with loving-kindness, compassion, and clarity (education) to why the students are being documented. Discussing â€Å"Morality†, I read a part in which Kornfield was talking about his teacher, Maha Ghosananda (the Gandhi of Cambodia). Kornfield was telling how his teacher would teach the survivors of the 1975-88 genocide in Cambodia practices of compassion and loving-kindness for their own loss and that of others. He said, â€Å"You have lost so much. Now you know how precious everything is in this world. You must love again and let new things grow. † (Kornfield, 81) This quote can be related to â€Å"Right View,† but more importantly the concept of compassion which is within â€Å"Right Conduct† or â€Å"Morality. I absolutely love this quote because I feel like way too many people take their great lives for granted. I am sad to say that I am sometimes right in that category of people. I am always humbled so much when I meet someone who has endured a great amount of pain, or those who have already had cancer and are the same age as me. Right now, while at college I have two close friends who have already battled cancer and are now back at college. It makes me feel like I should be so incredibly thankful for the life that I have been blessed with. Many times one can become attached to something that is not all that important. Meditation can resolve this. In chapter 12 of TNH, it talks about how we have become so efficient and able to talk to places on the other side of the planet, however, he also explains that people have a harder time with one-on-one interactions and speech nowadays. This is an example of becoming attached to technology instead of listening and speaking with people in person. When reading through Kornfield’s 24th chapter, I noticed the stories about Dipama Barua, one of the greatest meditators of the Theravada lineage. They told of how she lost two out of three of her young children to illness and lost her husband due to a heart attack soon after. Most people would feel like there is no longer a reason to live after something like that, and she was one of those people. However, after a year of lying in bed full of grief, she started doing meditation and then eventually became a master of meditation. (Kornfield 382-384) Kornfield had gone to see Dipama and had such an encounter! When he was leaving from seeing her, she touched him and said a 10 minute prayer in which he started to have a realization and see everything in a positive light. After this, he could not stop smiling at everything. (Kornfield 382-384) This encounter between Kornfield and Dipama reminds me of times that I feel like nothing can go right, but all it takes is seeing and talking to someone who you really like and respect. Then, after talking to this one person, you have a totally new positive outlook on life. This short story tells me that how you go through life is all about perspective. This â€Å"halt† in life represents a meditation. Sometimes one has to take a break from their busy lives and just reflect on their life and spirituality. When I have done this in the past, it feels so incredibly rewarding to just take a break from things and reflect on how great life is. When one is thinking about the Noble Eight-Fold Path, one has to remember that all of the â€Å"Rights† link into each other. We need to be compassionate for others, practice loving-kindness, and embrace wisdom, morality, and meditation within our lives to better understand everything.

Dictinory

EASIER ENGLISH BASIC DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION Dictionary Titles in the Series English Language: Easier English Basic Synonyms 0 7475 6979 7 English Study Dictionary 1 9016 5963 1 Easier English Student Dictionary 0 7475 6624 0 English Thesaurus for Students 1 9016 5931 3 Specialist Dictionaries: Dictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6 Dictionary of Banking and Finance 0 7475 6685 2 Dictionary of Business 0 7475 9680 0 Dictionary of Economics 0 7475 6632 1 Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1 Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and Catering Management 1 9016 5999 2Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7475 6623 2 Dictionary of ICT 0 7475 6990 8 Dictionary of Marketing 0 7475 6621 6 Dictionary of Medical Terms 0 7475 6987 8 Dictionary of Military Terms 1 9038 5620 5 Dictionary of Nursing 0 7475 6634 8 Dictionary of Science and Technology 0 7475 6620 8 Check your English Vocabulary Workbooks: Business 0 7475 6626 7 Computing 1 9016 5928 3 English for Academic Purposes 0 7475 6691 7 PET 0 7475 6627 5 FCE + 0 7475 6981 9 IELTS TOEFL 0 7475 6982 7  ® 0 7475 6984 3 Visit our website for full details of all our books ttp://www. bloomsbury. com/reference EASIER ENGLISH BASIC DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION General editor P. H. Collin A BLOOMSBURY REFERENCE BOOK www. bloomsbury. com Second edition published 2004 First published in Great Britain 2001  © Copyright P. H. Collin, F. Collin, S. M. H. Collin 2001 This edition  © Copyright Bloomsbury Publishing 2004 Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 38 Soho Square London W1D 3HB All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7475 6644 5 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0202-2 Text processing and computer typesetting by Bloomsbury Publishing Printed and bound in Italy by Legoprint All papers used by Bloomsbury Publishing are natural, recyclable products made from wood grown in well-managed forests. The manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. GENERAL EDITOR P. H. Collin Editorial Contributors Penelope Hands, Howard Sargeant Text Production and Proofreading Katy McAdam, Joel Adams, Daisy Jackson, Sarah LusznatPreface This dictionary contains the most frequently used words in English and provides the basic vocabulary needed for everyday communication by anyone starting to learn the language. It is especially useful for elementary and pre-intermediate students of all ages and would be suitable for those working towards an elementary level English examination such as KET or PET. Each word is individually defined, and no words, not even adverbs, are given without a definition. Examples are included for many words to provide patterns for the user’s own production of English sentences.Each word, including compound words and phrasal verbs, has its own easy-to-find main entry in bold type. Each word has a pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Common phrases and idioms associated with the main term are shown in bold type and separately defined within the entry. The meanings of the main common senses of each word are given clearly and simply, using a limited and easily understood vocabulary. Meanings are grouped together by their part of speech. Extra help is offered in Notes at the end of some entries.These include warnings about words which can confused with each other, unusual inflected forms and regularly collocating prepositions. The major differences in US and British spelling are noted. A useful companion to this dictionary is Easier English Basic Synonyms which compares and contrasts words with similar meanings, showing the similarities and differences in usage. Symbols before a new part of speech before examples before a phrase or collocation before an idiom a definition of the word will be foun d at the place indicated extra information will be found at the place indicated i ? PronunciationThe following symbols have been used to show the pronunciation of the main words in the dictionary. Stress has been indicated by a main stress mark ( ) and a secondary stress mark ( ). Note that these are only guides, as the stress of the word changes according to its position in the sentence. Vowels ? ? a? a? a a ? e e? e? e? i i ? ? u u ? Consonants back harm stop type how hire hour course annoy head fair make go word keep happy about fit near annual pool book tour shut b d ? d f h j k l m n ? p r s ? t t? ? v w x z buck dead other jump fare gold head yellow cab leave mix nil sing print rest ave shop take change theft value work loch measure zone Basic. fm Page 1 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM A a1 /e? /, A noun the first letter of the alpha- very able manager. There are special activities for able children. a bet, followed by B Do you mean ‘dependant’ spelt with an à ¢â‚¬Ëœa’ or ‘dependent’ with an ‘e’? from A to Z completely, all the way through about /? ba? t/ preposition 1. referring to about something He told me all about his operation. What do you want to speak to the doctor about? 2. to be about to do something to be going to do something very soon We were about to go home when you arrived. 3. ot exactly I’ve been waiting for about four hours. She’s only about fifteen years old. how about? 1. what do you think about? We can’t find a new chairperson for the club – What about Sarah? 2. would you like a cup of tea? while you’re about it at the same time as the thing you are doing While you’re about it, can you post this letter? a2 /? , e? /, an /? n, n/ article 1. one a an enormous hole a useful guidebook She’s bought a new car. I want a cup of tea. We had to wait an hour for the bus. (NOTE: an is used before words beginning with a, e, i, o, u and with h if the h is not pronounced: an apple or an hour. is used before words beginning with all other letters and also before u where u is pronounced /ju / : a useful guidebook) 2. for each or to each Apples cost ? 1. 50 a kilo. The car was travelling at 50 kilometres an hour. He earns ? 100 a day. above /? b v/ preposition 1. higher than above The plane was flying above the clouds. The temperature in the street was above 30 degrees. At prices above ? 20, nobody will buy it. 2. older than If you are above 18, you have to pay the full fare. 3. louder than I couldn’t hear the telephone above the noise of the drills. abandon /? b nd? n/ verb 1. to leave abandon someone or something in an unkind wayThe dog had been abandoned by its owner. 2. to give up or stop doing something The company has decided to abandon the project. We abandoned the idea of setting up a London office. abbreviation /? bri vi e (? )n/ noun a abbreviation short form of a word abroad /? br? d/ adverb in or to another abroad country They’ve gone abroad on holiday. I lived abroad for three years. ability /? b? l? ti/ noun 1. a natural tendenability cy to do something well I admire his ability to stay calm in difficult situations. We can develop their natural abilities. (NOTE: The plural is abilities. ) I’ll do it to the best of my ability I’ll o it as well as I can 2. the fact of being clever suitable for different levels of ability (NOTE: no plural) absence / bs? ns/ noun the fact of beabsence ing away from a place She did not explain her absence from the meeting. The former president was sentenced in his absence. in the absence of because someone or something is not there In the absence of the chairman, his deputy took over. In the absence of any official support, we had to raise our own funds. able / e? b(? )l/ adjective 1. to be able to able do something to be capable of something or have the chance to do something They weren’t able to find the ouse. Will you be able to c ome to the meeting? 2. good at doing something, or good at doing many things She’s a absent / bs? nt/ adjective not there absent Ten of the staff are absent with flu. absolute / bs? lu t/ adjective comabsolute plete or total Basic. fm Page 2 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM absolutely 2 accompany absolutely adverb 1. / bs? lu tli/ com- little gift. 2. to say ‘yes’ or to agree to something She accepted the offer of a job in Australia. I invited her to come with us and she accepted. (NOTE: Do not absolutely pletely I am absolutely sure I left the keys in my coat pocket. 2. / bs? lu tli/ es, of course Did you build it yourself? – Absolutely! absorb /? b z? b/ verb 1. to take in something such as a liquid The water should be absorbed by the paper. Salt absorbs moisture from the air. 2. to reduce a shock The car’s springs are supposed to absorb any shock from the road surface. absurd /? b s d/ adjective completely unreasonable or impossible to believe It ’s absurd to expect you will win the lottery if you only buy one ticket. abuse1 /? bju s/ noun 1. rude words The people being arrested shouted abuse at the police. 2. very bad treatment the sexual abuse of children She suffered physical abuse in prison. absorb bsurd abuse (NOTE: [all senses] no plural) abuse2 /? bju z/ verb 1. to treat someabuse one very badly, usually physically or sexually She had been abused as a child. 2. to make the wrong use of something He abused his position as finance director. 3. to say rude things about someone The crowd noisily abused the group of politicians as they entered the building. academic / k? dem? k/ adjective 1. relating to study at a university Members of the academic staff received a letter from the principal. 2. only in theory, not in practice It is only of academic interest. i noun a university teacher All her friends are academics. ccelerate /? k sel? re? t/ verb to go faster Don’t accelerate when you get to traffic lights. accent / ks? nt/ noun 1. a particular way of pronouncing something He speaks with an American accent. 2. the stronger or louder part of a word or sentence In the word ‘letter’ the accent is on the first syllable. 3. a mark over a letter showing a particular way of pronouncing it Cafe has an accent on the ‘e’. accept /? k sept/ verb 1. to take and keep a present We hope you will accept this academic accelerate accent accept confuse with except. ) acceptable /? k sept? b(? )l/ adjective acceptable good enough to be accepted, although ot particularly good Fighting in the street is not acceptable behaviour. Smoking is becoming less socially acceptable. A small gift of flowers would be very acceptable. The offer is not acceptable to the vendor. access / kses/ noun a way of reaching a place The concert hall has access for wheelchairs. At present there is no access to the site. to have access to something to be able to reach a place, meet a person, or obtain somet hing I’ll have access to the studio day and night. The company has access to substantial funds. i verb to get information from a computer She tried to access the address list. accident / ks? d(? nt/ noun 1. an unpleasant thing which happens and causes damage or injury He lost his leg in an accident at work. She was involved in a car accident and had to go to hospital. 2. something that happens unexpectedly Their third baby was an accident. by accident without being planned or expected He found the missing papers by accident. accidental / ks? dent(? )l/ adjective happening without being planned or expected an accidental meeting accidental damage His death was not accidental. accidentally / ks? dent(? )li/ adverb without being planned or expected accommodation /? k? m? de (? )n/ noun a place to live or somewhere to tay for a short time Are you still looking for accommodation? Visitors have difficulty in finding hotel accommodation during the summer. (NOTE: In Britaccess acciden t accidental accidentally accommodation ish English, accommodation has no plural. ) accompany /? k mp(? )ni/ verb 1. to accompany go with someone or something She accompanied me to the door. 2. to play a musical instrument while someone Basic. fm Page 3 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM accomplish else plays another instrument or sings She sang and was accompanied on the piano by her father. (NOTE: accompanied by someone or something) accomplish /? k mpl / verb to do omething successfully You won’t accomplish anything by arguing. according to /? k? d tu / preposition 1. as someone says or writes The washing machine was installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. According to the police, the car was going too fast. 2. in agreement with rules or a system Everything went according to plan or schedule. 3. in relation to The teachers have separated the children into classes according to their ages. account /? ka? nt/ noun 1. same as bank account 2. I was worried on her account I was afraid something might happen to her on account of because of, due to The trains are late n account of the fog. We don’t use the car much on account of the price of petrol. take something into account to consider something We have to take the weather into account. on no account not at all accurate / kj? r? t/ adjective correct in all details Are the figures accurate? We asked them to make an accurate copy of the plan. accurately / kj? r? tli/ adverb correctly The weather forecast accurately predicted the storm. accuse /? kju z/ verb to say that someone has done something wrong The police accused her of stealing the money. (NOTE: You accuse someone of a accomplish according to account accurate accurately accuse rime or of doing something. ) achieve /? t? i v/ verb to succeed in doachieve ing something after trying very hard Have you achieved all your aims? The company has achieved great success in the USA. achievement /? t? i vm? nt/ noun something which h as been done successfully She is very modest about her achievements. Coming sixth was a great achievement, since he had never entered the competition before. achievement 3 action acid / s? d/ noun a chemical substance acid that is able to dissolve metals acknowledge /? k n? l? d / verb 1. to acknowledge say that something has been received She didn’t acknowledge receiving my etter. 2. to accept that something is true She acknowledged that she had seen me there. acknowledgement /? k n? l? d m? nt/ noun a letter or note sent to say that something has been received acorn / e? k? n/ noun the fruit of an oak tree acquaintance /? kwe? nt? ns/ noun a person you know slightly She has many acquaintances in the travel industry but no real friends. acquire /? kwa / verb to become the owner of something She has acquired a large collection of old books. across /? kr? s/ preposition 1. from one side to the other Don’t run across the road without looking to see if there is any traffi c coming. 2. n the other side of He saw her across the street. i adverb from one side to the other The river is only twenty feet across. The stream is very narrow – you can easily jump across. act / kt/ noun 1. something which is done He thanked her for the many acts of kindness she had shown him over the years. 2. a part of a play or show Act 2 of the play takes place in the garden. 3. a short performance The show includes acts by several young singers. 4. a law passed by Parliament an act to ban the sale of weapons i verb 1. to do something You will have to act quickly if you want to stop the fire. She acted in a very responsible way. o act as someone or something to do the work of someone or something The thick curtain acts as a screen to cut out noise from the street. 2. to behave in a particular way She’s been acting very strangely. to get your act together to organise yourself properly If they don’t get their act together, they’ll miss their train. action / k n/ noun 1. the fact of doing something We recommend swift acacknowledgement acorn acquaintance acquire across act action Basic. fm Page 4 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM active tion to prevent the problem spreading. What action are you going to take to prevent accidents? ut of action not working The car has been out of action for a week. 2. something that is done They’ve shown their commitment by their actions. 3. a movement Avoid sudden actions that could alarm the animals. 4. the things that happen in a performance such as a play or film The action of the play takes place in a flat in London. 5. a case in a law court where someone tries to get money from someone else to bring an action for damages against someone active / kt? v/ adjective 1. involved in active an activity or activities, especially in an energetic way He didn’t play an active part in the attack on the police station.My grandmother is still very active at the age of 88. 2. (of a volcano) ex ploding or likely to explode Scientists think the volcano is no longer active. 3. the form of a verb which shows that the subject is doing something (NOTE: If you say ‘the car hit him’ the verb is active, but in ‘he was hit by the car’ it is passive. ) activity / k t? v? ti/ noun 1. the act or activity fact of being active 2. something that someone does to pass time pleasantly Children are offered various holiday activities – sailing, windsurfing and water-skiing. (NOTE: The plural in this sense is activities. ) actor / kt? / noun a person who acts in actor he theatre, in films or on TV actress / ktr? s/ noun a woman who actress acts in the theatre, in films or on TV (NOTE: Many women prefer to call themselves actors rather than actresses. ) actual / kt? u? l/ adjective real actual It looks quite small but the actual height is 5 metres. Her actual words were much stronger. actually / kt? u? li/ adverb really actually It looks quite small, but actuall y it is over 5 metres high. He said he was ill, but actually he wanted to go to the football match. 4 address ad / d/ noun an advertisement (informal ) ad If you want to sell your car quickly, put an ad in the paper. adapt /? d pt/ verb 1. o change something to be suitable for a new situation She adapted the story for TV. The car has been adapted for disabled drivers. 2. to change your behaviour to fit into a new situation We’ll all have to learn to adapt to the new system. adaptable /? d pt? b(? )l/ adjective able to change or be changed easily to deal with new situations or uses add / d/ verb 1. to make a total of numbers If you add all these numbers together it should make fifty. (NOTE: Addadapt adaptable add ing is usually shown by the sign + : 10 + 4 = 14. ) 2. to join one thing to another Interest is added to the account monthly. Add two cupfuls of sugar.Put a teabag into the pot and add boiling water. By building the annexe, they have added thirty rooms to the hotel. 3 . to say or to write something more I have nothing to add to what I put in my letter. She added that we still owed her some money for work she did last month. add up phrasal verb to make a total the figures do not add up the total is not correct addition /? d (? )n/ noun 1. someone or something added to something else the latest addition to the family He showed us the additions to his collection of paintings. 2. the act of adding figures to make a total You don’t need a calculator to do a simple addition. n addition to as well as There are twelve registered letters to be sent in addition to this parcel. in addition as well in addition to as well as There are twelve registered letters to be sent in addition to this parcel. additional /? d (? )n? l/ adjective included as well as what there is already address /? dres/ noun 1. a set of details of the number of a house, the name of a street and the town where someone lives or works What is the doctor’s address? Our address is: 1 Cambridge Road, Teddington, Middlesex. 2. the set of letters, symbols and numbers that addition additional address Basic. m Page 5 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM address book identify someone’s email account i verb 1. to write details such as someone’s name, street and town on a letter or parcel That letter is addressed to me – don’t open it! 2. to speak or write to someone Please address your questions to the information office. Teachers are not normally addressed as ‘Sir’ here. 3. to make a formal speech to a group The chairman addressed the meeting. address book /? dres b? k/ noun a address book notebook or computer file in which you can record people’s names, home addresses, telephone numbers and email addresses adequate / d? kw? / adjective 1. adequate enough for a purpose We don’t have adequate supplies for the whole journey. His salary alone is barely adequate. 2. only just satisfactory adhesive /? d hi s? v/ adje ctive able to stick to things i noun a substance which sticks things together adhesive adjacent /? d e? s(? )nt/ adjective very adjacent close to or almost touching something My office is in an adjacent building. adjective / d ? kt? v/ noun a word which describes a noun In the phrase ‘a big black cloud’, ‘big’ and ‘black’ are both adjectives. adjective adjust /? d adjust st/ verb to make a slight change to something I need to adjust his belt a bit. to adjust to something to become used to something How are you adjusting to being a parent? admiration / dm? re (? )n/ noun readmiration spect for someone or something admire /? d ma / verb to consider admire someone or something with approval He was admired for his skill as a violinist. We admired the view from the balcony. admission /? d m (? )n/ noun 1. the act admission or fact of being allowed to go in to a place Admission to the exhibition is free on Sundays. My friend was refused admission to the restaurant because he was not wearing a tie. no admission no one can enter 2. statement saying that something bad is true Her 5 advantage admission that she had taken the money led to her arrest. admission fee /? d m (? )n fi / noun an amount of money paid to go into a place such as a museum admit /? d m? t/ verb to allow someone to go in to a place Children are admitted free, but adults have to pay. This ticket admits three people. (NOTE: admits – admitting – admitted) to admit (to) doing something to say that you have done something wrong They admitted stealing the car. adopt /? d? pt/ verb 1. to take someone legally as a son or daughter They have adopted a little boy. 2. o decide to start using something The book has been adopted for use in all English classes. We need to adopt a more flexible approach. adore /? d? / verb to like someone or something very much adult / d lt/ noun a fully-grown person i adjective 1. fully grown an adult tiger 2. relating to a matu re person or people adult fiction advance /? d v? ns/ verb to move forward The police slowly advanced across the square. i noun 1. a movement forwards The police have made some advances in their fight against crime. The team made an advance into their opponents’ half. 2. money paid as a loan or as a part of a payment o be made later i adjective done before something happens She made an advance payment of ? 3000. in advance earlier than the time something happens You must phone in advance to make an appointment. They asked us to pay ?200 in advance. advanced /? d v? nst/ adjective which is studied at a higher level He’s studying advanced mathematics. She’s studying for an advanced degree. advantage /? d v? nt? d / noun something which will help you to be successful Being able to drive a car is an advantage. Knowledge of two foreign languages is an advantage in this job. She has several advantages over the other job candidates. o take advanadmission fee admit adop t adore adult advance advanced advantage Basic. fm Page 6 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM adventure tage of something to profit from something They took advantage of the cheap fares on offer. to take advantage of someone to get something unto (good or fairly from someone best) advantage in a way that helps someone or something appear especially good She used her knowledge of Italian to good advantage. adventure /? d vent / noun a new, exciting and dangerous experience I must tell you about our adventures in the desert. adverb / dv b/ noun a word which applies to a verb, an adjective, another dverb or a whole sentence In the sentence ‘He walked slowly, because the snow was very thick. ’ both ‘slowly’ and ‘very’ are adverbs. adverse / dv s/ adjective (of condian tions) unpleasant and unwanted adverse reaction adverse effects advert / dv t/ noun same as adveradventure adverb adverse advert tisement advertise / dv? ta? z/ verb to make advertise su re that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen The company is advertising for secretaries. Did you see that the restaurant is advertising cheap meals on Sundays? I saw this watch advertised in the paper. advertisement /? d v t? sm? nt/ noun n announcement which tries to make sure that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen advertising / dv? ta? z / noun the act of making sure that people know that something is for sale, or that something is going to happen The company has increased the amount of money it spends on advertising. They spent millions on the advertising campaign. advice /? d va? s/ noun an opinion that someone gives you about what you should do He went to the bank manager for advice on how to pay his debts. They would not listen to the doctor’s advice. My grandfather gave me a very useful piece of advice.His mother’s advice was to stay in bed. (NOTE: no pluadvertisement advertising advice 6 afraid ral: use some advice or, for one item, a piece of advice) advise /? d va? z/ verb 1. to suggest to advise someone what they should do He advised her to save some of the money. 2. to tell someone officially that something has happened (formal ) They advised us that the sale of the house had been completed. adviser /? d va? z? /, advisor noun someone who helps people to make decisions about what to do aerial / e? ri? l/ noun a piece of equipment for receiving radio or TV signals aeroplane / e? r? ple? n/ noun a vehicle hich flies in the air, carrying passengers or goods affair /? fe? / noun 1. something which is relevant to one person or group of people only That’s his affair – it’s nothing to do with me. It’s an affair for the police. His business affairs were very complicated. 2. a sexual relationship with someone who is not your husband or wife He’s having an affair with his boss’s wife. 3. an event The party is just a famil y affair. 4. an event or situation that shocks people The whole sorry affair was on the front page of the newspapers for days. i plural noun affairs situations or activities relating to public or private life affect /? ekt/ verb to have an influence on someone or something The new regulations have affected our business. Train services have been seriously affected by the strike. affection /? fek n/ noun a feeling of liking someone, especially a friend She always spoke of him with great affection. afford /? f? d/ verb to have enough money to pay for something How will you afford such an expensive holiday? be unable to afford, can’t afford to be unable to accept something because it might cause you a problem I can’t afford a delay of more than three weeks. afraid /? fre? d/ adjective 1. frightened of something or someone I am afraid of nakes. He is too afraid to climb the ladder. 2. to be afraid (that) to be adviser aerial aeroplane affair affect affection afford afraid B asic. fm Page 7 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM after sorry to say I’m afraid that all the cakes have been sold. You can’t see the boss – I’m afraid he’s ill. Have you got a pocket calculator? – No, I’m afraid not. after / ? ft? / preposition 1. following or next in order to If today is Tuesday, the day after tomorrow is Thursday. They spoke one after the other. What’s the letter after Q in the alphabet? after you you go first 2. later than We arrived after six o’clock.We don’t let the children go out alone after dark. i conjunction later than a time After the snow fell, the motorways were blocked. Phone me after you get home. (NOTE: after after is used with many phrasal verbs: to look after, to take after, etc. ) after all 1. in spite of everything Everything was all right after all. 2. the fact is He should be OK; after all, he is eighteen now. afternoon / ? ft? nu n/ noun the time between midday and the evenin g He always has a little sleep in the afternoon. There is an afternoon flight to Paris. Can we meet tomorrow afternoon? afterwards / ? ft? w? dz/ adverb laterWe’ll have lunch first and go shopping afterwards. again /? en/ adverb 1. another time He had to take his driving test again. again and again several times, usually in a firm or determined way The police officer asked the same question again and again. 2. back as you were before Although I like going on holiday, I’m always glad to be home again. against /? enst/ preposition 1. so as to touch He was leaning against the wall. She hit her head against the low doorway. 2. in opposition to England is playing against South Africa tomorrow. It’s hard cycling uphill against the wind. They went against his advice. age /e? / noun the number of years which you have lived She is thirty years of age. He looks younger than his age. i plural noun ages a very long time (informal ) I’ve been waiting here for ages. It took us ages to get served. afternoon afterwards again against age 7 agreement aged /e? d d/ adjective with the age of 1 aged a girl aged nine She died last year, aged 83. aged2 / e? d ? d/ adjective very old an aged man agency / e? d ? nsi/ noun an office which represents another firm an advertising agency agenda /? d end? / noun a list of points for discussion what’s on the agenda? what are we going to discuss? i a set of hings that someone plans to do top of your agenda what someone wants most A holiday is top of my agenda at present. agent / e? d ? nt/ noun a person who works for or represents someone else Our head office is in London but we have an agent in Paris. aggression /? re? (? )n/ noun a feeling of anger against someone that is expressed, especially in physical force an act of aggression an attack on someone aggressive /? res? v/ adjective ready to attack someone aggressively /? res? vli/ adverb as if wanting to attack someone ago /? / adverb in the past He pho ned a few minutes ago. This all happened a long time ago. NOTE: ago aged agency agenda agent aggression aggressive aggressively ago always follows a word referring to time. ) agree /? ri / verb 1. to say yes or give agree permission After some discussion he agreed to our plan. (NOTE: You agree to or on a plan. ) 2. to say or show that you have the same opinion as someone else Most of the group agreed with her suggestion. agreement /? ri m? nt/ noun 1. the act or fact of thinking the same to reach an agreement or to come to an agreement on salaries Agreement between the two sides is still a long way off. they are in agreement with our plan they agree with our plan We discussed he plan with them and they are in agreement. 2. a contract to draw up or to draft an agreement We signed an agreement with the Italian company. agreement Basic. fm Page 8 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM ahead ahead /? hed/ adverb 1. in front ahead Our team was losing, but now we are ahead again. Run on ahead a nd find some seats for us. You need to go straight ahead, and then turn left. 2. in future My diary is filled with appointments for six weeks ahead. 3. before We try to fill the vacancies at least three weeks ahead. ahead of /? hed ? v/ 1. in front of Ahead of us was a steep hill. They ran on ahead of the others. 2. in future time You have a mass of work ahead of you. 3. before (informal ) They drafted in extra police ahead of the international match. aid /e? d/ noun 1. help, especially money, food or other gifts given to people living in difficult conditions aid to the earthquake zone an aid worker (NOTE: This meaning of aid has no plural. ) in aid of in order to help We give money in aid of the Red Cross. They are collecting money in aid of refugees. 2. something which helps you to do something kitchen aids i verb 1. to help something to happen 2. to help someone aim /e? m/ noun what you are trying to do His aim is to do well at school and hen go to university. One of our aims is to increase the speed of service. i verb 1. to plan to do something We aim to go on holiday in June. 2. to point a gun at someone or something He was aiming or aiming a gun at the policeman. air /e? / noun 1. a mixture of gases which cannot be seen, but which is all around us and which every animal breathes His breath was like steam in the cold air. 2. the air the space around things and above the ground He threw the ball up into the air. (NOTE: These meanings of air have no plural. ) i adjective referring to a method of travelling or sending goods using aircraft new air routes y air in an aircraft I don’t enjoy travelling by air. It’s quicker to send the letter by air. i verb to make a room or clothes fresh by giving them more air Let’s open the windows to air the room. aircraft / e? kr? ft/ noun a vehicle which flies in the air The passengers got into or boarded the aircraft. The airline aid aim air aircraft 8 alive has a fleet of ten aircraft. (NOTE: The plur al is aircraft: one aircraft, six aircraft. ) airfare / e? fe? / noun the amount of money a passenger has to pay to travel on an aircraft air force / e? f? s/ noun a country’s military air organisation airline / e? la? n/ noun a company which akes people or goods to places in aircraft The airline has been voted the most popular with business travellers. He’s an airline pilot. airplane / e? ple? n/ noun US an aircraft airport / e? p? t/ noun a place where aircraft land and take off You can take the underground to the airport. We are due to arrive at Heathrow Airport at midday. alarm /? l? m/ noun 1. a loud warning sound An alarm will sound if someone touches the wire. to raise the alarm to warn everyone of danger 2. same as alarm clock i verb to frighten someone I don’t want to alarm you, but there’s a police car parked outside your house. alarm clock /? ? m kl? k/ noun a clock which rings a bell to wake you up album / lb? m/ noun 1. a large book 2. a coll ection of songs on a CD, cassette or record alcohol / lk? h? l/ noun a substance in drinks such as beer or wine that can make people drunk They will not serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 18. alcoholic / lk? h? l? k/ adjective relating to alcohol alert /? l t/ adjective watching or listening carefully, ready to notice something alike /? la? k/ adjective very similar i adverb in a similar way My sister and I just don’t think alike. The change will affect rich and poor alike. alive /? la? v/ adjective 1. iving He was still alive when he was rescued from the burning building. When my grandfather was alive, there were no supermarkets. (NOTE: not used in front of a noun: the fish is alive but a live fish. ) 2. lively airfare air force airline airplane airport alarm alarm clock album alcohol alcoholic alert alike alive Basic. fm Page 9 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM all The holiday village really comes alive to come alive to become at night. busy and active all /? l/ adject ive, pronoun everything or all everyone They all or All of them like coffee. All trains stop at Clapham Junction. Did you pick all (of) the tomatoes?Where are all the children? i adverb 1. completely The ground was all white after the snow had fallen. I forgot all about her birthday. 2. all by yourself all alone You can’t do it all by yourself. I’m all by myself this evening – my girlfriend’s gone out. all along right from the beginning all at once suddenly all in 1. tired out 2. including everything all of a sudden suddenly all over 1. everywhere over something 2. finished all right well She was ill yesterday but she’s all right now. all the same in spite of this I’m not really keen on horror films, but I’ll go with you all the same. allergic /? l d ? k/ adjective suffering llergic from or referring to an allergy to be allergic to to react badly to a substance Many people are allergic to grass pollen. She is allergic to cats. 9 alpha betical Jack has been my closest ally in the campaign. ally2 /? la? / verb to ally yourself with or to someone to join forces with someone The unions have allied themselves with the opposition. (NOTE: allies ally – allying – allied) almost / ? lm st/ adverb nearly almost London is almost as far from here as Paris. She’s almost as tall as I am. She’ll eat almost anything. Hurry up, it’s almost time for the train to leave. alone /? l n/ adjective 1. with no one lse She lives alone with her cats. He was all alone in the shop. 2. only She alone knew the importance of the message. i adverb without other people We don’t let the children go out alone after dark. I don’t like travelling alone. leave alone 1. not to disturb someone Leave your sister alone, she’s trying to read. 2. to stop touching or playing with something Leave the cat alone, it doesn’t like being stroked. Leave those keys alone, the noise is annoying me. to go it alone to do something, especially a business activity, without help from anyone along /? l / preposition 1. by the side of He has planted fruit trees along oth sides of the garden path. The river runs along one side of the castle. 2. in a straight forward direction She ran along the pavement. Walk along the street until you come to the post office. I was just driving along when I caught sight of my brother. 3. to a place John came along after about five minutes. Is it ok if I bring a friend along? aloud /? la? d/ adverb in a voice which can be easily heard alphabet / lf? bet/ noun a series of letters in a specific order, e. g. A, B, C, etc G comes before H in the alphabet. If you’re going to Greece on holiday, you ought to learn the Greek alphabet. alphabetical / lf? bet? k(? l/ adjective relating to the alphabet in alphabetical order in order of the first letter of each word The words in the dictionary are in alphabetical order. Sort out the address cards into alphabetica l order of the people’s names. alone along allergy / l? d i/ noun a bad reaction to allergy a substance which makes you sneeze, or makes your skin itch, e. g. She has an allergy to household dust. The baby has a wheat allergy. allow /? la? / verb to let someone do allow something She allowed me to borrow her book. Smoking is not allowed in the restaurant. You are allowed to take two pieces of hand luggage onto the plane. allowance /? a ns/ noun 1. an allowance amount of money paid to someone regularly a weekly allowance 2. an amount of money which you are allowed to earn without paying tax on it 3. to make allowances for to take something into account You must make allowances for his age. ally1 / la? / noun 1. a country which ally works together with another, especially in a war (NOTE: The plural is allies. ) 2. someone who is willing to support you in something you want to achieve aloud alphabet alphabetical Basic. fm Page 10 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM already already /? l redi/ adverb before now or already I’ve albefore the time mentioned eady done my shopping. It was already past ten o’clock when he arrived. also / ? ls / adverb in addition to something or someone else that has been mentioned He’s a keen cyclist and his sister also likes to cycle when she can. She sings well and can also play the violin. (NOTE: also is usually placed bealso fore the main verb or after a modal or auxiliary verb. ) alter / ? lt? / verb to become different, or alter make something different, especially in small ways or in parts only They wanted to alter the terms of the contract after they had signed it. The shape of his face had altered slightly. alteration / ? lt? re (? )n/ noun 1. the ct of becoming different or of making something different 2. something that has been, or needs, changing She made some alterations in the design. alternate1 /? l t n? t/ adjective every other one We see each other on alternate Sundays. alternate2 / ? lt? ne? t / verb to keep changing from one particular position or state to another alternative /? l t n? t? v/ adjective 1. in place of something else If the plane is full, we will put you on an alternative flight. Do you have an alternative solution? 2. following a different way from usual i noun something which you do instead of something else Now that she’s ill, do we have any alternative o calling the holiday off? although /? l / conjunction in spite of the fact that Although it was freezing, she didn’t put a coat on. I’ve never been into that shop although I’ve often walked past it. altogether / ? lt? e / adverb taking everything together The food was ? 10 and the drinks ? 5, so that makes ? 15 altogether. The staff of the three shops come to 200 altogether. always / ? lwe? z/ adverb 1. every time She is always late for work. Why does it always rain when we want to go for a walk? 2. all the time It’s always alteration alternate alternate alternative al though altogether always 10 amount hot in tropical countries. . frequently, especially when someone finds it anShe’s always asking me to noying lend her money. am /? m, m/ 1st person present singular of be a. m. / e? em/ adverb before midday I have to catch the 7 a. m. train to work every day. Telephone calls made before 6 a. m. are charged at the cheap rate. (NOTE: a. m. is usually used to am a. m. show the exact hour and the word o’clock is left out) amazement /? me? zm? nt/ noun great amazement surprise To his amazement he won first prize. amazing /? me? z / adjective 1. very surprising It was amazing that she never suspected anything. 2. extremely It was an interesting and unusual mazing experience, sailing so far from land at night. ambition / m b (? )n/ noun a wish to do something special His great ambition is to ride on an elephant. ambulance / mbj? l? ns/ noun a van which carries sick or injured people to hospital When she fell down the stairs, her husband call ed an ambulance. American /? mer? k? n/ adjective relating to America or to the United States among /? m ? /, amongst /? m ? st/ preposition 1. surrounded by or in the middle of He was standing among a crowd of tourists. 2. between a number of people in a group Let’s share the cake among us. 3. in addition to other people or things Jack was there, mong others. amount /? ma? nt/ noun a quantity of something such as money The amount in my bank account has reached ? 1000. We spent a large amount of time just waiting. a certain amount some but not a lot Painting the house will take a certain amount of time. amount to phrasal verb 1. to make a total of My year’s savings amount to less than ? 1000. 2. to be similar or equal to something I think what he said amounts to a refusal to take part. 3. to amount to the same thing to mean the amazing ambition ambulance American among amount Basic. fm Page 11 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM amuse same, to be the same Whether he took ash or free holidays, it all amounts to the same thing. The remaining problems don’t amount to much. amuse /? mju z/ verb 1. to make someone laugh This story will amuse you. to amuse yourself to play or get pleasure from what you are doing The children amused themselves quietly while their parents talked. 2. to make the time pass pleasantly for someone How can we amuse the children on the journey? amusement /? mju zm? nt/ noun 1. a feeling of pleasure caused by something that is funny 2. to someone’s amusement making someone feel pleasure in a funny situation Much to her amusement, the band played ‘Happy Birthday to you! . 3. a way of passing the time pleasantly They had planned several visits for the guest’s amusement. amusing /? mju z / adjective funny an /? n, n/ ? a analysis /? n l? s? s/ noun a close examination of the parts or elements of something job analysis to make an analysis of the sales or a sales analysis to carry out an analysis of the marke t potential (NOTE: The plural is analyses /? n l? si z/. ) ancient / e? n nt/ adjective very old, or belonging to a time long ago He was riding an ancient bicycle. and /? n, ? nd, nd/ conjunction used to join two words or phrases All my uncles and aunts live in the country.The children were running about and singing. Come and sit down next to me. amuse amusement amusing an analysis ancient and (NOTE: and is used to say numbers after 100: ‘seven hundred and two and so on, and so forth, (702)’) and so on and so forth with other similar things He talked about plants, flowers, vegetables, and so on. anger / ? ?/ noun a feeling of being very annoyed He managed to control his anger. She couldn’t hide the anger she felt. angle / ? ?l/ noun a corner where two lines meet She planted the tree in the angle of the two walls. at an angle anger angle 11 annoying not straight The shop front is at an angle to the road. ngrily / ? r? li/ adverb in an angry way He shouted angrily when the children climbed over the fence. angry / ? ri/ adjective upset and annoyed, and sometimes wanting to harm someone The shopkeeper is angry with the children because they broke his window. He gets angry if the post is late. I am angry that the government is doing nothing to prevent crime. When the cashier still hadn’t arrived at midday the boss got even angrier. angrily angry (NOTE: angrier – angriest) animal / n? m(? )l/ noun a living thing animal that moves independently I love having animals as pets. (NOTE: animal may include humans in scientific contexts. )

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Review and analyze John Updike's portrayal of the American middle class in his fiction - Essay Example So successful was his original representation of Rabbit Angstrom in his 1960 that he published two subsequent novels that followed the development of his character in both the 1970’s and the 1980’s. These novels describe many themes and motifs that were, and to a large extent still are, experienced by middle-class America. Accordingly, this brief essay will analyze some of these themes by considering key progressions that manifested themselves within two of John Updike’s novels. The first of these novels, Rabbit, Run, deals with the dissatisfaction that hid very casually beneath the surface of late 1950’s America. The topic is hardly ever discussed due to the fact that the post war years have been so highly stylized and idealized that the reader would think that not a care in the world existed (besides perhaps the Soviets and the bomb). Yet, within this seeming idyllic world, Updike portrays the life of the middle class, via the character of Rabbit Angstro m, as one which is fundamentally dissatisfied by the superficial consumerism and fraudulence that the late 1950’s had on the society of that time (Edwards 13). ... o the reader is one that engages the audience on a host of rather un-kosher topics (at least for the 1950s) with relation to abortion, prostitution, homosexuality, and even the topic of blow jobs. In this way, Updike is able to present to the reader, via the vehicle of Rabbit Angstrom, the frustration, confusion, despair, and ultimate desire for experience and sexual revolution that typified the generation of the late 1950s and early 1960s. As such, this representation was indicative of what would come to fruition during the 1960s and the cultural and sexual revolutions that re-defined the American landscape (Clasen 134). In this way, more than a running commentary on the factors that led to the growth and development of the American society during the period, Updike’s novel engages the reader with the understanding that fundamental dissatisfaction and unhappiness were the underlying reasons why the developments of the proceeding decades developed in the way they did. Similarl y, the second book in the series, published in 1971 and named Rabbit Redux, follows the same character, Rabbit Angstrom, and develops upon he and his deteriorating personal life and relationships that it has spawned. Rather than relating that the liberation of the 1960s has brought Rabbit the comfort, meaning and solace that he so desired in the first novel, the author relates that Rabbits life is very much incomplete in much the same way it was in the first novel (Crowe 83). Rabbit is still working a dead-end job, still quite unfulfilled, and has recently had his wife leave him. However, such a situation is not indicative of the middle-class struggle that Americans of this particular era were going through. As a means to engage the reader on the struggles that the middle class experienced in

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Thesis Research_How Chinese International Students deal with Acculturative Stress in their First Year of Studying in Canada - Research Paper Example The study also involved the collection of primary data from two online forums and mapping students in various places. The study shows that a majority of Chinese international students experience acculturative stress in the Canadian environment. The study also reveals that many of the students prefer to live, study and work in groups from which they get social support. The study further reveals that apart from relying on social support, the students maintain positive thoughts and engage in a variety of activities to overcome acculturative stress. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that Chinese international students engage in various constructive activities, maintain positive thought and seek social support to as a way of dealing with culture shock and acculturative stress. A Study on How Chinese International Students Deal with Acculturative Stress in Their First Year of Study in Canada Ever since the late 70s, the government of China implemented a policy that aimed at facilitating students’ learning of advanced western technology by studying in western universities and colleges. Today, statistics indicate that China is the biggest exporter of students in the world according to Gu (2013). ... The general trend toward the preference to study abroad among Chinese students is driven by the belief that education outside the boarders of China is more systematic and comprehensive, and that the experience is better than they otherwise would get in China. Other students are motivated by the fact that they do not have to sit for and pass university entry exams when they select to pursue education in foreign educational institutions (Anonymous, 2013). One of the main motivations that Chinese students cite for preferring to study abroad is the experience of other cultures. While this is the case, the students are often subject to culture shock and acculturation challenges within their first few months or years of their introduction to the new culture. Having left behind their friends, family, and homeland, many of these international students face numerous challenges and difficulties in their new environments. Like other immigrants, Chinese students studying in foreign countries nor mally experience acculturative stress and its effects as they struggle to adapt to the new culture and environment. Several studies have been conducted with respect to acculturation and culture shock in different parts of the world. Most of the studies that have been conducted regarding acculturative stress focus on immigrants to the U.S. from different parts of the world. While this is the case, no study has been conducted on how Chinese international students deal with acculturative stress in their first year of study in Canada. This study seeks to fill this knowledge gap. My objectives are listed as below: 1. To establish how Chinese international students in Canada suffer from acculturative stress in their first year study 2. To explore the different

Rome and Han Ccot Essay Example for Free

Rome and Han Ccot Essay RomeAncient Rome and Han China are different in the ways how their slaves were treated. Overall, they were ultimately more similar because of the importance of trade and family. Slaves in Ancient Rome were treated very harshly. They were put in gladiator fights to the death against fellow slaves and occasionally lions for the entertainment of the community, although it was against the law for a citizen to kill another citizen’s slave. Also, 10% of the populations of Rome were slaves, which means if one died, they could be easily replaced. RomeAncient Rome and Han China are different in the ways how their slaves were treated. Overall, they were ultimately more similar because of the importance of trade and family. Slaves in Ancient Rome were treated very harshly. They were put in gladiator fights to the death against fellow slaves and occasionally lions for the entertainment of the community, although it was against the law for a citizen to kill another citizen’s slave. Also, 10% of the populations of Rome were slaves, which means if one died, they could be easily replaced. In contrast, only 1% of Han China’s populations were slaves. They were much more valued and thus their owners treated them better. There were two kinds- Privately Owned and State Owned. These slaves could pay for freedom, or be freed by their master or the emperor. It was against the law to kill these slaves at all. Trade in Rome was thought to be beneath the occupation of landholding, although they continue to practice trade throughout Roman history. The Senate was not allowed to participate in commerce because they were too prestigious to be affiliating with it. Similar to Han China, agriculture was a much better occupation than trade. Merchants, however wealthy, were looked down on because they looked like they could surpass social boundaries because of their riches. In Ancient Rome, loyalty to family and state was highly important. The nobles of Rome were constantly reminded to be aware of their fathers and grandfathers successes. We know this because the term pietas; meaning â€Å"dutifulness†; depicts these values. Also, we know of these the importance of family because typically at a Roman funeral, they would exhibit masks’ of their ancestors and their deeds. This regard to ancestors resembles that of Confucianism, which was highly practiced in Han China. The core of Confucianism was known as â€Å"filial piety†, meaning the respect and obedience that children owed their parents.

Autism and Mental Retardation Essay Example for Free

Autism and Mental Retardation Essay Respond to the following: 1. List the primary features of autism. Extremely unresponsive, uncommunicative, repetitive, rigid, changing events that the child is use to doing on a daily basis can result in an outburst where he or she becomes angry and very confused, loud noises can cause an outburst as well for some 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research support? The sociocultural view is no longer valid. It is now believed that cognitive limitations and brain abnormalities are more suitable explanations. 3. What forms of treatment are helpful for a person with autism? At this time there are no treatments that can reverse autism. Some treatments that are helpful would be behavioral therapy, communication training, parent training, and community integration. Psychotropic drugs and vitamins combined with other approaches are also quite helpful. 4. List the criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation: People with mental retardation are well below average in both intelligence and adaptive abilities. A person with mental retardation has trouble with communicating, living at home, self-direction, and work/safety. 5. Explain one way in which sociocultural biases in testing might pose problems for assessing mental retardation. Sociocultural biases would be environmental conditions and social status. People may not understand that children from good backgrounds and stimulating environments can be mentally retarded. Most people think this is limited to lower social classes 6. Of the four levels of mental retardation, into which category do most people with mental retardation fall? The four levels of retardation are mild retardation, moderate retardation, severe retardation, and profound retardation, 85% of mentally retarded people have mild retardation. 7. What are the main types of biological causes of mental retardation? The primary causes of moderate, severe, and profound retardation are: biological,although people who function at these levels also are affected greatly by their family and social environment. Sometimes genetic factors are at the root of these  biological problems, in the form of chromosomal or metabolic disorders. Other biological causes of these kinds of mental retardation come from unfavorable conditions that occur before, during, or after birth, such as birth injuries. 8. What is the only way to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome? For the mother to not drink alcohol while pregnant 9. What are normalization and mainstreaming? Normalization: The principle that institutions and community residences should expose people with mental retardation to living conditions and opportunities similar to those found in the rest of society. Mainstreaming: The placement of children with mental retardation in regular school classes, also known as inclusion 10. What is your opinion about mainstreaming and normalization for children and adults with autism or mental retardation? My thoughts about mainstreaming for the children and adults with autism and mental retardation, I feel that it is not a good idea placing the children with mental retardation, they do need more supervision and attention, and for this reason if being in a regular class they would not get the attention and or supervision they need. I do feel that it is good to expose the children and adults into the society, they are not no different than anyone else.

Project Complete Duration By Using Network Diagram Construction Essay

Project Complete Duration By Using Network Diagram Construction Essay Time of activity is calculated in forward pass and backward pass to determine float. Forward pass (earliest start + duration = earliest finish) to calculates earliest event time of activity which estimates project complete time for example; activity F earliest finish days are 18 (14 + 4). Latest event time of activity is calculated in backward pass (latest finish duration = latest start) to determine activity in critical path and with float such as activity H latest start day are 20 (22 2). Total float = Latest finish Earliest start Duration. For example, float for activity C is 3 days (12 days 6 days -3 days) Activity A to Q is calculated in a forward pass; therefore project duration is 47 days (Table 1). Critical path are activity with zero float such as activity B (6 days 4 days 2 days) base on above formula and others activities. Below are the activities in critical path. Project will compete on 12 April 2011 which is calculated in a forward pass with 5 days working week exclude Saturday and Sunday (Table 2). For example, project start on 7 February 2011, activity A project duration is 4 days, therefore activity A will finish at 10 February 2011. a) 1 day delay during activity F, project still complete on 47 days due to activity F have 4 days float. Even thought delay 1 day, activity F still got 3 days float (4 days 1 days = 3 days). b) Activity P falls under critical path which mean activity with zero float. Therefore 1 day delay will increase project complete date from original 47 days to 48 days (47 days + 1 days delay = 48 days). c) Activity Q is last activity. Activity Q also is an activity with zero float and on critical path. Conclusion, 1 day delay in activity Q will delay whole project complete date by 1 day. Then new project complete date will be 48 days in state of 47days. Question 6 Project complete duration can be estimate by using network diagram. It helps project manager to monitor project easier base on duration of each activity. In other words, it helps manager to estimate the earliest time for activities to start and finish. On other hand it also helps to predict latest start and finish time for the activities to complete whole project without delay. Furthermore, network diagram is link among each activity, it provide clear picture on how each activity perform in project and on critical path which may influence project duration if there is any delay. Besides, it saves research time and speed out the time to solve the problem which helps to avoid delay in project. Moreover, activities in network diagram are depending of their completion means activity A must finish before activity B start. Each activity needs different time and resources to complete its part. Thus project manager able to allocate and fully utilize each activity time and resources with limited time and resources given. Network diagram show the activities in critical path. Base on this information, project manager able to forecast and monitor on those activities fall in critical path properly to avoid any delay during the project. In case of delay, project manager able to plan the necessary step to backup the activity delay so the project will complete on time. Base on network diagram, project manager able to make a decision whether project should speed out to save costs because of the shorter duration to complete or there is any opportunity costs while speeds out process take part. According to this, project manager able to monitor the budget with actual cost in each activity to avoid over budget from the project which may affect project future profit. (636 word) Appendix Reference http://tutor2u.net/business/production/critical-path-analysis.htm (view on 9/9/10 8:42am) http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_purpose_of_a_network_diagram (view on 2/9/10 1:36pm) http://hadm.sph.sc.edu/courses/j716/cpm/cpm.html (view 9/9/10 9:01am) Mike Field and Laurie Keller (1998) Project Management The Open University, UK University of Sunderland (2005) SIM355 Managing Project, Version 2.0 The University of Sunderland, UK Date: 4th October 2010 To: Board of Directors From: Project Manager of Opening New Showroom in West England Reference: A report submitted to Board of Director of Cooper and Cooper on feasibility stage Project Management Preview of Opening New Showroom for 150,000sqm. Executive Summary Project management team had been tasked with the responsibilities to handle the project of Cooper and Cooper with objective to open new customized showroom which include workshop, administration office, luxury motor vehicles display and allow trading in buying and selling luxury customized vehicles. Project life cycle is used by project manager during project period to determine each stage in project life cycle is follow accordingly. Those stages are concept stage, development stage, implementation stage and terminal stage. By undertaking feasibility study, project manager develop a business case, establish goal and objective of Copper and Cooper at concept stage. STEEP analysis is use to focus on factors should aware before project start. Team member include team leader has appointed. In development stage, project plan has been created. It also includes financial plan by estimate total costs of the project and payback period. In addition, work breakdown structure has been created which helps in resources, quality, communication and procurement plan. Major categories risk has been determine and risk management model is use to manage risk. Implementation stage more concern about how project manager control and monitor whole project when it has been started. Motivation of team member is essential key during the project. Therefore leadership style help team member and project manager motivate team member. Project is complete at terminal stage and review of project has been done. Opening ceremony, trading and operation of new base is ready. Project manager and team member will be a consultant and relocated. List of Table Table 1: Stakeholder expectation to company 13 Table 2: STEEP analyses 15 Table 3: Work breakdown structure 16 Table 5: Prioritizing Potential Risks 18 Table 6: Estimate operation costs for the project 19 List of Chart Page 1 of 46 1 Page 7 of 46 2 Table of Contents List of Table 10 List of Chart 10 1.0INTRODUCTION 12 1.1Background of Cooper and Cooper 12 1.2Project Life Cycle 13 2.0CONCEPT STAGE 13 2.1Goal and Objective 13 2.2STEEP analysis 15 2.3Renovation and Security 16 2.4New Employment 16 3.0DEVELOPMENT STAGE 16 3.1Work Breakdown Structure 16 3.2Risk Categories 17 3.3Risk Management 18 3.4Risk Monitoring 18 3.5Cost Estimate 19 4.0IMPLEMENTATION STAGE 20 4.1Responding to risk 20 4.2Report Frequently 21 4.3Monitoring and Controlling 21 4.4Leadership and Motivation 22 4.5Managing and Administrating 23 4.6Approval from stakeholders 24 5.0TERMINATION STAGE 24 5.1Showroom preparation 24 5.2Open ceremony 24 5.3 Review and relocate team member 24 6.0CONCLUSION 25 APPENDIX 25 REFERENCE 45 Task 2 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to determine ability of the project management team to handle the project with objective to open new customized showroom which include workshop, administration office, motor vehicles display area, customer parking lots and associated landscaping. Background of Cooper and Cooper Automobile company normally faces the challenge on provides best product to customer which really met their requirement. Cooper and Cooper (CC) are company mainly focuses on customization of high quality motor vehicles such as Mercedes, Ferrari, Lamborghini, BMW and Range Rover. Currently, they have 1 base in the south West of England and had acquisition new additional base of 150,000sq meters to build a custom showroom that allow trading in buying and selling luxury customized vehicles. Project Life Cycle Project manager use project life cycle (PLC) to defined planning methodology which include goal setting, define costs, establish time and project controlling. PLC comprises four stages: concept, development, implementation and terminal (Chart 5 in appendix). CONCEPT STAGE Goal and Objective Goal and objective of company may create motivation and focus performance. Therefore effective objective must be specific, measurable, agreed, realistic and time limited (SMART). In addition, other objectives such as customer and employee satisfaction and ethical practices will increase value of company in long term (Table 1). Table 1: Stakeholder expectation to company Stakeholder Expectation from company shareholder Return on dividend base on money invest employee yearly salary increment and bonus government tax computation base on profit generate supplier Continue supplier and payment on time customer Services satisfaction Therefore, preproject evaluation should be use to monitor project objective and overall strategy of the CC. Chart 1 below shows world yearly production of motor vehicles. According to this table, CC goal is to achieve 25% of the selling luxury customize motor vehicles base on car production in UK and achieve sustainable growth of 20% annually. Chart 1: World motor vehicle production (source: http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/) (For a breakdown of production by country in the world, refer Table 8 in appendix) Most of companies determine selling price as a cost + profit but hereby non-cost principle: selling price cost = profit are better way for CC to determine the selling price. Reasonable and acceptable selling price will help to stay competitive. Lean management is the way to create a sustainable continual improvement strategy and goal. STEEP analysis Besides internet factors that influence by both shareholder and stakeholder, CC should focus on external factor that may affect project by using STEEP analyses before open new base which shows table 2 below: Table 2: STEEP analyses Social Increase population life style by create more job opportunity and more income Technologies Aware of rapid technologies change in environment which will affect productivity Economy Increase in life style, gross domestic production (GDP) will increase therefore economy of nation, company and employee of company will increase Ecological Better living environment such as improve in transportation, education and etc Political Aware on changes in government policies such as health and safety law for employee (Table 9 in appendix ) Renovation and Security Showroom design will create right mood for customer to purchase motor vehicles. Thus renovation is an essential sales tool. Furthermore, security of showroom is major concern with valuable motor vehicles display so security alarm system such as CCTV and infrared for night security should be installed. Table 10 in appendix shows the detail costs for renovation and estimate will complete in one year for date of commission. New Employment New head of project and departments such as engineering, customer services and etc should be employed to run new base daily activities. Therefore this showroom will provide employment for 60 people. Project team leader should be appointed to specially take care of each part of the activities base on their experience and skill. DEVELOPMENT STAGE Work Breakdown Structure Once concept stage had been approved by related parties and new team leader had been employed. Team leader will monitor and control their team activities on below work structure. Therefore project schedule can map out and cost able to estimate after completion of work breakdown structure (WBS). WBS also helps to identify risk of the project too. Table 3: Work breakdown structure Project Manager Renovation Finance Security Marketing and customer services HR and Admin Engineering Customize Decoration Sale Facilities Invoices Electrical Services Purchasing Customer research Entrance Receive Plumbing Recruitment Customer complain Cost Interior design Events show Payment Risk Categories Once work had been allocated, we need to categories type of the risk. Table 4 in below show the categories of risk which may face during project period: Table 4: Major categories of risk (source: SIM335 Managing project, UOS (2005)) Risk category Example Technical Fail to change and get information regarding new technology, design error or omissions Environment Culture of organization such as same model of motor vehicles not accept by all population in the world Financial Cash flow problem, budget cuts and corporate unpredictability Resources Specialize skill people and equipment not available Human Lack motivation for employee will increase human error, personality conflict and miscommunication Logistical Material supplier problem such as shortest in material or excess credit limit and period Government Different government policies for different countries and change in rules and regulation Market Motor vehicles model fail to meet customer requirement and competitor produce new motor vehicle with meet customer requirement Risk Management Risk categories had defined, risk management model is the way to manage risk (Table 11 in appendix). According to risk management, objective of project need to define then only able to identify potential risk and monitor whether impact of the risk to such project. Example, logistical risk will affect project duration in case lack material for renovation. This logistical risk can be preventing by sign contract with supplier to confirm they will supply sufficient material when there is shortage. Furthermore payment period and credit limit should monitor properly to avoid excess limit given by supplier. Logistical risk can be avoided by sign contract with supply. Thus this risk had transfer to supplier. Risk Monitoring Whole team member should work together to report, monitor and plan the risk when they find that potential risk rise. Potential risk event will impact project costs, time and scope. As a result, project costs will increase; time will extent and scope of business will be limited. Therefore prioritizing potential risks (Table 5) is useful to assessing risk on impact and ability to influence whole project. Table 5: Prioritizing Potential Risks High impact: Low ability to influence High impact: High ability to influence Low impact: Low ability to influence Low impact: High ability to influence Impact Ability to influence Site plan for new base should be submit to government department to get approval before renovation start. Equipment and material such as engine for motor vehicle should be purchase table 12 in appendix shows how purchasing procedure should be done. Cost Estimate In reality, most of the shareholders are concern with when can they get back their money after invest to this project. Table 6 below is the simple calculation on payback period for the equipment purchase. Base on below table; estimate payback period for project is 7 years because of the positives cumulative cash flow. Estimate costs for cash outflow are the operation cost incurred at initial of project (year 0) and there is no other additional cash. Cash inflow is the cash receive from the sales generate. Table 6: Estimate operation costs for the project IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Responding to risk According to risk categories and management in development stage, risk responsibility of stakeholders should take into consideration (Table 7). Table 7: Respond to risk (source: SIM335 Managing project, UOS (2005)) Risk respond Description Risk Reduction Deduce risk by hire lack experience employment. Risk Transfer Transfer risk to thirty parties by sign contract or agreement Risk Acceptance Accept risk rather plan it due to low impact Political risk cannot neither be reduce or transfer but only can be accept even thought impact is high Mitigating risk Reduce risk before event happen such as well maintain on technologies All project team member moves to site on this stage and project team leader should take care of their part to make sure project will complete as plan. Orientation given to all team members to make sure they know the procedure and activities they involve. Report Frequently Weekly meeting will conduct on every Monday morning for each team leader to participate on the status of their activity and problem facing. Problem will bring out to find the better solution to solve without delay project completion. Monitoring and Controlling Chart 2: Monitoring and controlling process (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg ) Project comparing planned outcome and actual outcome will be done on the meeting and ongoing project evaluation according to process flow in chart 2. This is to make sure actual cost of work perform will not exceed budgeted cost of work perform by 10% maximum and measure the status of the project. Submission of changes request form (table 13 in appendix) and project communication form (table 14 in appendixes) is compulsory in case of changes during the project. This is to monitor and control project quality and resources Leadership and Motivation Project Manager should ensure employment motivation during project period. Therefore Maslows hierarchy of needs will help to increase motivation (Chart 3) Chart 3: Maslows hierarchy of Needs (Source: http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm) Leader is the essential for increase motivation because leader role is to get things done and drive change through team member. Leadership styles as show in chart 4 below: Chart 4: Leadership style (source: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html) (For details of leadership styles, refer table 15 in appendix) Managing and Administrating Renovation such as floor, roof, stairs and external works undertake as per design which follow government rules and regulation. Electrical, gas and light installed after completion of ceiling renovation. Furniture and fitting, office equipment such as air-conditional and workshop facilities had been purchase and fix accordingly. Workshop and office area constructed at estimated size of 35,000sqm. High quality vehicles will display in showroom therefore showroom facilities and interior decoration done at estimated size of 95,000sqm. The balance 20,000sqm will as a parking lot for customer during entrance to showroom. Completions of showroom pass to shareholder and stakeholder to review and approved. Corrections actions will be done as per shareholder and stakeholder requirement. Approval from stakeholders After approval from stakeholder and shareholder base on renovation done, event team prepare for showroom opening ceremony. Motor vehicles will move in and display as per plan and design. Reconfirm all had been done and complete as per plan by using checklist (Table 16 in appendix). TERMINATION STAGE Showroom preparation 1 manager, 3 sales assistants and 2 administration assistant staffs will be employed as an operations team for the showroom. Showroom need to obtain Certificate of fitness from government agencies before start trading. Showroom operation hours are determined according to healthy and safety act. Open ceremony List down guest name for shareholder and stakeholder to decide who will be inviting for opening ceremony and sent out the invitation card to ceremony. All documents for project will be update and filling before signing off and finalist project. Review and relocate team member Project completion evaluation must be done to confirm completion of project by using project checklist (table 16 in appendix) and wait for opening ceremony. Once opening ceremony done, showroom can start to operate and trading for luxury customized vehicles. Project manager and team will base on Cooper and Cooper for at least six month after showroom open for consultation. CONCLUSION This report shows the purpose of the Cooper and Cooper to have new base. Project life cycle used to determine how project should conduct. At the concept stage of project life cycle, internal and external factors should be concern. Goal and objective, costs for renovation are determined. Development stage mention team leader and their member work base on work breakdown structure. Way to identify risk and necessary step should be taken for that potential risk. Implementation stage is the actual renovation work start in showroom and related equipment purchase. Correction step taken upon shareholder and stakeholder requirement. Termination stage is confirm project had completed and preparation for opening ceremony. Project manager and team member will relocate. (2064 words) APPENDIX Chart 5: Project life cycle (source: http://www.mpmm.com/project-management-methodology.php) Concept stage Development stage Implementation stage Terminal stage Table 8: Breakdown of production by country in the world (Source: http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/) Country Cars Commercial vehicles Total % change Argentina 380,067 132,857 512,924 -14.10% Australia 188,158 39,125 227,283 -31.00% Austria 56,620 15,714 72,334 -52.20% Belgium 524,595 12,510 537,354 -25.80% Brazil 2,576,628 605,989 3,182,617 -1.00% Canada 822,267 668,365 1,490,632 -28.40% China 10,383,831 3,407,163 13,790,994 48.30% Czech Rep. 967,760 6,809 974,569 3.00% Egypt 60,249 32,090 92,339 -23.00% Finland 10,907 64 10,971 -38.70% France 1,819,462 228,196 2,047,658 -20.30% Germany 4,964,523 245,334 5,209,857 -13.80% Hungary 180,500 2,040 182,540 -47.30% India 2,166,238 466,456 2,632,694 12.90% Indonesia 352,172 112,644 464,816 -22.60% Iran 1,359,520 35,901 1,395,421 9.50% Italy 661,100 182,139 843,239 -17.60% Japan 6,862,161 1,072,355 7,934,516 -31.50% Malaysia 447,002 42,267 489,269 -7.80% Mexico 942,876 618,176 1,561,052 -28.00% Netherlands 50,620 25,981 76,601 -42.20% Poland 819,000 65,133 884,133 -7.10% Portugal 101,680 24,335 126,015 -28.10% Romania 279,320 17,178 296,498 20.90% Russia 595,839 126,592 722,431 -59.60% Serbia 8,720 1,355 10,075 -13.40% Slovakia 461,340 461,340 -19.90% Slovenia 202,570 10,179 212,749 7.50% South Africa 222,981 150,942 373,923 -33.60% South Korea 3,158,417 354,509 3,512,926 -8.20% Spain 1,812,688 357,390 2,170,078 -14.60% Sweden 128,738 27,600 156,338 -49.30% Taiwan 183,986 42,370 226,356 23.70% Thailand 313,442 685,936 999,378 -28.30% Turkey 510,931 358,674 869,605 -24.20% Ukraine 65,646 3,649 69,295 -83.60% UK 999,460 90,679 1,090,139 -33.90% USA 2,246,470 3,462,382 5,708,852 -34.30% Uzbekistan 110,200 7,700 117,900 -43.30% Supplementary 302,450 110,109 412,559 -22.40% Total 47,952,995 13,761,694 61,714,689 -12.80% Table 9: Summary of Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulation 1992 UK lay down minimum standards for workplace and work in or near building (source: www.cipd.co.uk) Employers duties and obligation to provide health and safety working environment for their employee Publish a health and safety policy Arrange for the appointment of health and safety representatives Establish a health and safety committee if requested by a recognized trade union Appoint a competent person to evaluate risks and hazards Arrange periodic risk assessment Consult with employee health and safety representatives Present and inform employee of risks and combat risks at sources Arrange protection from unavoidable risks Provide health-risk surveillance and safety training Provide safety training Monitor and improve safety arrangements Comply with the updated provision concerning healthy and safety posters and leaflets Adopt work to the individual especially with respect to the design of workplaces Alleviate monotonous work and develop a prevention policy Appoint one or more competent persons to assist in undertaking preventative and protective measures Establish procedures to be followed in the event of serious and imminent danger to persons working in the company Require person at work who are exposed to serious and imminent danger to be informed of the nature of the hazards and steps taken to protect them Table 10: Cost breakdown for renovation and security alarm system (source: www.davislangdon.com) Cost Breakdown Total cost ( £)  £/à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡(gifa) % Substructure 114,000 85.07 6.12 Excavation and disposal off-site: 320à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡25 Ground slab, footings, column bases, filling to levels: 1,060à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡100 Frame and upper floors 113,400 84.63 6.08 Structural steelwork; UB and UC sections: 55tn @  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,600 Suspended concrete floor on permanent formwork: 280à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡80 Fire protection to steelwork: Item @  ¿Ã‚ ¡3,000 Roof 73,900 55.15 3.97 Aluminium standing seam roof cladding, including purlins, trims, cappings, insulation: 1,190à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡50 Upstands: Item @  ¿Ã‚ ¡2,000 Mansafe system: 165m @  ¿Ã‚ ¡75 Stairs 11,000 8.21 0.59 Precast concrete staircase handrails and balustrades: 2 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡5,500 External walls, windows and doors 291,000 217.16 15.61 Structural bonded glass to frontage with silicone joints and support, including automatic bi-parting entrance doors: 310à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡500 Coated aluminium double-glazed window system: 150à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡375 Aluminium louvres to glass frontage 1,500 projection; including support and brackets: 90à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡300 Entrance door for vehicles as integral part of glazing walling, including ironmongery and trimming: 2 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡4,500 Aluminium composite micro-rib profile wall cladding to sides and rear of showroom: 400à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡80 Steel fire escape doors: 3 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡900 Inner leaf of 140 block work: 200à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡45 Internal walls and partitions 68,400 51.04 3.67 Metal stud partitions to showrooms including support, up to 8m high: 320à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡65 Metal stud partitions including skim finish to offices, to 3m high: 300à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡45 Plasterboard including skim finish to external walls: 400à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡20 Proprietary glazed partitions: 100à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡225 Disabled WC cubicles: 2 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡800 WC cubicles: 4 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡50 Wall finishes 9,800 7.31 0.53 Emulsion paint finish to walls: 1,600à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡5 Vinyl wall lining or similar: 40à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡45 Floor finishes 114,300 85.30 6.13 Reinforced screeds to showrooms; 100 thick: 800à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡25 Screeds to common areas; 75 thick: 540à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡15 Ceramic floor tiles to showroom areas, including skirtings: 800à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡85 Carpet tiling to office and circulation areas: 450à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡20 Softwood skirtings: 300m @  ¿Ã‚ ¡8 Non-slip vinyl flooring to WC, including coved skirtings: 90à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡35 Entrance matting: 12à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡300 Ceiling finishes 45,200 33.73 2.43 Plasterboard suspended ceiling on concealed grid: 920à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡40 Mineral fibre suspended ceiling: 420à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡20