Traditional Folk Media For Rural Development In India Media Essay

Traditional Folk Media For Rural Development In India Media Essay In the introduction to his essay titled Traditional Folk Media for Rural Development D. K. Sujan writes Whenever you and I think of India, we visualize a vast land spread from the lofty Himalayas in the north to the green belt of Nilgiri in the south, from the Indian granary of Punjab to the paddy fields of eastern deltas, with rugged mountains and plateus in between. This land of ours lies in the tropical belt where climatic conditions vary from place to place and time to time. The variety of climate and topographic situations give birth to different cultures, traditions, and philosophies, affecting every mode of life and behaviour of the people One of the key challenges in spreading the message of rural development in India is the diversity that is witnessed when one travels the area of the country. Folk forms from different places show striking similarities to each other but they vary depending on region. This variation results in an inconsistency of rules under which these forms are created or presented. It would be useful to hear to clearly define the terms that are going to be judiciously used within the scope of this paper. The word folk is synonymous with people or society. According to Sujan, the word folk itself connotes the harmonious coexistence of man with nature, his rearing of nature and being reared by it (Sujan, 172).  In the words of C.S. Sreekumar, folklore originated when the weary agricultural labourer was in the habit of singing songs to overcome the weariness of work. In his words Folklore is a medium through which the soul of a people expresses itself colourfully (ww.sikhspectrum.com). Now when artistically folklore is combined with dance or music or art, resulting in artistic fulfilment and entertainment, the end result is called Folk arts. Unlike its predecessor primitive art, folk art possesses a very interesting and different outlook and character. Folk art comes into being after a culture begins to sophisticate, It is languid and very informal and does not require any formal training or license to practice. Another characteristic of it is that folk arts are ingrained into the fabric of the social culture of rural India. It is perhaps the worlds most original art form as they were part and parcel of the earliest civilizations themselves. Sujan claims that all fine arts have their roots in the folk age. Village children pick up the songs and dances when they begin to pick up the language itself (Sreekumar, www.sikhspectrum.com) folk art often performs a specific function or possesses a specific purpose, the needs and peculiar problems of the village people find expression in folk art. Village life is routinely full of religious customs and ceremonies. Folk arts is very closely associated to religion and myth. Most of the stories are based on an mythological framework and often the specific purpose of the folk form becomes to illustrate the Myths and legends in a manner that is interesting and convincing. Folk media is a term that seems oddly, redundant as one is prompted to ask, but isnt all media folk? Another characteristic of it is that it is not static. The folk medium of a village is affected by the standard of life and developments in that village. In short, folk arts reflect the changing tastes of the rural population as their encounters with urbanity become more frequent and intense. While satisfying these needs, it also holds the responsibility of attaining a certain aesthetic level, owing to its status as an art form. There is no doubt that Folk art forms possess their own individuality and character. Their existence is dependent on its intrinsic merit i.e., flight of fancy of the artist, its symmetrical form, its tonal quality etc. To define the word tradition, they are the outcome of the mode, philosophy, ways, and behavioural pattern of a society. Tradition exists in every span of time. Even today we have traditions. Thus, the challenge is that they are easily replaceable. For example, normative patterns in communication often become traditions. Regarding the stereotyping that rural folk media is subjected to, especially the masses Sujan has this to say Whenever we speak of traditional folk media we aptly visualize a rural open-stage theatre with performance of puppetry in its various forms like kathas, gatha, bhajan mandlies, etc. The man of yesteryears praised gods and goddesses with hymns and bhajans, thus giving birth to the earliest musical expression. Music is the basic fine arts element in folk performances. Early man carved his gods out of stone or sculpted him out of mud. This shows that another important element of fine arts was sculpture. The caveman painted pictures of his gods and his own deeds in order to communicate his message to future generations, In this way, the third pillar of fine arts, after music an sculpture came to be painting. Man performed various rituals before the gods and deities to appease them. This was abhinayam or acting, the fourth strong pillar of fine arts. The fifth pillar, of course, i s poetry, which often enhances other fine arts. This elucidates how folk arts and folk media came into being. Whenever there is a folk bhajan mandali to communicate pious feelings and sing the greatness of god, it makes use of music. This music may include both naad and vaad. One can easily see that whenever we refer to folk media such as puppets, nautanki, or gatha, we find that some combinations of the five aspects of fine arts, that is,music, sculpture, painting, acting, and poetry, is present. Incidentally, puppets have the privilege of using all of these five basic elements. It is the urgent need for development of the country which compels us to find ways and means for better, faster, and clearer communication. There are merits and demerits of folk media in development contexts. It was utilized during the conception and inception of the First Five year Plan, having been considered even earlier by economists, social scientists, and communication experts. Both leaders and researches in social and communications sciences are making ceaseless efforts to find more effective communication media for faster development. Incorporating folk media is an important aspect of these efforts. Mass Media and Traditonal Folk Media Let us consider the existing and fast-developing mass media and also the traditional folk media, looking at the advantages and drawbacks of both. This actually means that we should scrutinize the antecedents of both traditional folk media and mass media before merging them together. However, the marriage and amalgamation of these two traditions-modern and historical is a must. Whenever we say Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, we simply scan the cultural and religious background of the people. While uttering the above names we clearly visualise various cultural patters related to these religious orientations. On the other hand, when we say Indian we again visualize a cultural pattern which is Indian. At this juncture the cultural pattern which is related to Hindus, Muslims, etc., disappears. In the same way, when we talk of puppetry, lila, harikatha, folk songs, nautankis, we clearly visualizw the cultural and traditional background of each of the traditona folk media separately. One the other hand, whenever we say modern media we clearly visualize radio, TV, etc. Finally, instead of saying traditional folk media or modern media, we say mass media or mass communication. We naturally visualize all the media together. There are separate cultures and backgrounds for Hindus, Muslims, tribals and city dwellers, but together they are termed Indian. Puppetry, kawwali, nautanki, television, and radio are separate entities, but all of them when taken together constitute mass media. All have a certain power to communicate development messages. Instead of involving ourselves in research to find out the effectiveness and impact of folk media separately, would it not better to integrate traditonal folk media and modern media. The writer suggests that the modern media of South India should adopt regional folklore and communicate to the masses through an amalgamated technique including both traditional and modern entities. People like their traditions and their ways of communication. We should not disturb them in this respect and should adopt the traditional ways into electronic waves. For example, a nautanki of Uttar Pradesh can be telecast through regional television centres. In the same way, a string puppet tamasha may be telecast on TV in Rajasthan. Experimenting with this integration of modern and traditional media will require much study and planning. Putting together such media presentations may be done separately for various traditional folk media with the help of indigenous expertise. Both traditional folk media and modern media are needed for developmental programs, especially for rural development. In this way, the audience for these media include both the beneficiaries and the functionaries. The functionaries help design the developmental programs and the beneficiaries accept and adopt the outcome of developmental programs. Each media should include some of the basic pillars of fine arts along with the intended message. Let us examine the comparative strength and effectiveness of traditional folk media and modern media. Traditional Media Forms Modern Media Forms Cannot be universalised Can be universalised Express deep cultural roots Not culturally specific in any expression Variety of interest patterns Universal interest Cultural barriers Cultural freedom Mechanization is possible Mechanization is a must Training intensive Training extensive Limited area covered Wider area covered May be converted to electronics Totally electronic Direct rapport with the audience Rapport through field studies only By examining these comparisons one can discover that both have their merits. No doubt the nature of the development problem, if analyzed, can provide insights as to which forms may best accomplish a specific communication objective. Media choices require careful consideration of specific information needs and of the limitations of available message-delivery and message-development resources. To sum up, traditional folk media and modern media should be integrated for use in development contexts. This may help interfusing interest patterns of various regional entities. It may also be regions and places, enhancing the feeling of oneness in the country. It could be a force to generate respect between various cultural groups. Finally, this media combination could facilitate fulfilment of specific development objectives. Conclusion It is proposed that instead of being much involved in analysis and counter-analysis of traditional folk media, we should encourage further development of traditional media in itself and then make full use of these media in combination with modern media. We may call it interadaptation of media. Interadaptation of media, inturn, will help depolarize the interest patterns of a nation. By fusing some aspects of subcultures, different groups will come to know each other, understand each other, and come nearer to each other. For example, if we telecast a Rajasthani story (traditional form of communication) on television network, it will not only help to create an interest in the puppets of Rajasthan but also in the people who create them. Folk media, when broadcast or telecast, could increase an understanding of the life of tribal people as well. It could be used to inculcate a feeling that these far-off tribals are also citizens of India, paving the way for a national feeling and national integration of these groups. Apart from fulfilling the specific objectives of communication, the interfused approach using traditional folk media and modern media will help in creating reciprocal respect for each other. All these prospects make folk media, in combination with electronic media, a viable communication form to use in making effective messages for development. Traditonal Folk Media for Rural Development, D.K. Sujan, Perspectives on Development Communication, Editors K Sadanandan Nair, Shirley A White

Management Policy & Strategy Essay

Management Policy and Strategies course was very interesting and at the same time important for my career goal. I really wasn’t sure what I was going into when I signed up for this course, however I was able to learn much from it, thanks to Professor Dennis Strouble and all of my wonderful classmates. The position that I hold currently at my place of employment is Program Coordinator, however the duties that I am responsible for fall under a manager’s position, therefore I am able to bring information that I have learned in this class to my work place. SWOT analysis section of this course was also very interesting. Even though I had heard of the SWOT analysis before, I really didn’t pay too much mind to it, but now that I took this course I am more knowledgeable about it. Because I can implement SWOT analysis into not only at my workplace but in my personal life, as well, therefore I consider it very important to know. SWOT stands for: Strengths, Weaknesses, Oppo rtunities, and Threats. Knowing this information and the meaning to it will make me able to input analysis into what I currently do now and in the future. Performing internal and external analysis is an important factor to when managing a business or even a department. Since job plays a manager role, I will be able to perform duties and really look at the department policies and tasks processes and analyze the internal and external areas within the program organization. I deal with low-income families, monthly and quarterly reporting, day-to-day administration, finance, etc. and learning everything I learned in this course will make a positive input to the program, to the organization and most importantly to the federal fund institution that is funding our program. Understanding implementation is an important key to my job. Implementing new ideas and processes is part of my job daily. Therefore, with all the information that I learned which I have not mentioned all, these are some i mportant factors that I will be able to utilize in the business that I am currently in moving forward. Having a professor that actually cares and enjoys teaching (and does a great job at it) really helped me understand the material. I do appreciate the time and effort that you have provided for my classmates and me.

Performance Management Essay

1. Summarize the seven (7) components of the framework for coaching and performances management, and identify which ones you require development in and why. The seven components of the frame work for coaching and performance management are the coaching relationship, insight, motivation, capabilities, real-world practice, accountability, and organizational context. The first and most important step in the performance management process is to communicate what is expected. The should also be identifications of any job related learning needs and possible ways to address these needs. There also needs to be a performance review periodically to make sure that job expectations are relevant and appropriate and revise them if needed. Managers are encouraged to do this jointly with their employees which observing and documenting their performance. Throughout the performance management cycle, you should observe your employees’ performance and identify instances of both good and poor performance. Specific events and details are important for employees to clearly understand the impact, results, and consequences of their performance. Thorough documentation will enable you to recognize good performance and help you to correct poor performance. Provide feedback you should provide frequent feedback and coaching to your employees regarding performance throughout the year. This is especially important for the employee who is performing poorly. To be effective, feedback needs to be immediate, specific, and expressed in relation to a particular outcome and expectation. Deal With Performance That Does Not Meet Expectations. You may wish to enlist the support of your manager. He/she can give you the benefit of his or her experience and provide input and support before proceeding. Also, you can use the services of your Human Resources or Labor Relations Components especially if you are contemplating disciplinary action. They will provide the procedural and regulatory guidance as well as assistance in looking at alternatives and providing resources, intervention strategies, and other support.† (Public service commission) 2. Evaluate the validity of each of the reasons provided for failure in performance management. The reasons provided for failure in performance management versus performance appraisal discipline gap, accountability, measurement scarcity or overload, lack of balance and failure to assess impact. â€Å"There are two primary purposes of performance appraisal: evaluative and developmental. The evaluative purpose is intended to inform people of their performance standing. The collected performance data are frequently used to reward high performance and to punish poor performance.† (Smither, 2009) The developmental purpose is intended to identify problems in employees performing the assigned task. The collected performance data are used to provide necessary skill training or professional development. â€Å"The purpose of performance appraisal must be clearly communicated both to raters and rates, because their reactions to the appraisal process are significantly different depending on the intended purpose. Failure to inform about the purpose or misleading information about the purpose may result in inaccurate and biased appraisal reports.† (Cascio, 1998) 3. Identify two (2) of the barriers of success that are evident in preventing successful execution of performance management in a company you know well and recommend a solution to the problems. If you have not worked with or for a company that evaluates employee performance through performance management, imagine what the problems would be based on your knowledge of the company. Be sure to provide your rationale. Future scenarios allow organizations to explore multiple potential futures and generate robust strategies and early warning signs to understand how the future is unfolding. Where a vision articulates a â€Å"preferred future,† future scenarios describe how an organization might achieve its mission in different circumstances or environments. Organizations identify a focal issue or major decision the organization faces and the critical uncertainties in the macro environment, such as social, economic, political, environmental, and technical forces. Scenarios are developed based on combinations of these forces and robust strategies are identified to address multiple futures. Finally, indicators are identified to help understand how the future is affecting the organization’s decisions. In-order to fully understand the rationale past, present, and future analysis would have to be done on different work environments in-order to generally process the full computation of how and HR performance management society would work to stay in constant communication with the employee’s skill set.

The War Of The World War II - 1347 Words

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Accidental Asian Analysis Essays - 891 Words

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Mass Persuasion The Power of Public Speaking Essay

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Dengue Case Study free essay sample

Introduction Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection that in recent decades has become a major international public health concern. Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), a potentially lethal complication, was first recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. Today DHF affects most Asian countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in the region. There are four distinct, but closely related, viruses that cause dengue. Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong immunity against that virus but confers only partial and transient protection against subsequent infection by the other three viruses. There is good evidence that sequential infection increases the risk of developing DHF. The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. Some 2. 5 billion people – two fifths of the worlds population – are now at risk from dengue. WHO currently estimates there may be 50 million dengue infections worldwide every year. The spread of dengue is attributed to expanding geographic distribution of the four dengue viruses and their mosquito vectors, the most important of which is the predominantly urban species Aedes aegypti. A rapid rise in urban mosquito populations is bringing ever greater numbers of people into contact with this vector, especially in areas that are favourable for mosquito breeding, e. g. where household water storage is common and where solid waste disposal services are inadequate. Dengue viruses are transmitted to humans through the bites of infective female Aedes mosquitoes. Mosquitoes generally acquire the virus while feeding on the blood of an infected person. After virus incubation for eight to 10 days, an infected mosquito is capable, during probing and blood feeding, of transmitting the virus for the rest of its life. Infected female mosquitoes may also transmit the virus to their offspring by transovarial (via the eggs) transmission, but the role of this in sustaining transmission of the virus to humans has not yet been defined. Infected humans are the main carriers and multipliers of the virus, serving as a source of the virus for uninfected mosquitoes. The virus circulates in the blood of infected humans for two to seven days, at approximately the same time that they have a fever; Aedes mosquitoes may acquire the virus when they feed on an individual during this period. Some studies have shown that monkeys in some parts of the world play a similar role in transmission. Dengue fever is a severe, flu-like illness that affects infants, young children and adults, but seldom causes death. The clinical features of dengue fever vary according to the age of the patient. Infants and young children may have a fever with rash. Older children and adults may have either a mild fever or the classical incapacitating disease with abrupt onset and high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pains, and rash. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a potentially deadly complication that is characterized by high fever, often with enlargement of the liver, and in severe cases circulatory failure. The illness often begins with a sudden rise in temperature accompanied by facial flush and other flu-like symptoms. The fever usually continues for two to seven days and can be as high as 41 °C, possibly with convulsions and other complications. In moderate DHF cases, all signs and symptoms abate after the fever subsides. In severe cases, the patients condition may suddenly deteriorate after a few days of fever; the temperature drops, followed by signs of circulatory failure, and the patient may rapidly go into a critical state of shock and die within 12 to 24 hours, or quickly recover following appropriate medical treatment. There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. For DHF, medical care by physicians and nurses experienced with the effects and progression of the complicating haemorrhagic fever can frequently save lives decreasing mortality rates from more than 20% to less than 1%. Maintenance of the patients circulating fluid volume is the central feature of DHF care. At present, the only method of controlling or preventing dengue virus transmission is to combat the vector mosquitoes. Vector control is implemented using environmental management and chemical methods. Proper solid waste disposal and improved water storage practices, including covering containers to prevent access by egg-laying female mosquitoes are among methods that are encouraged through community-based programmes. The application of appropriate insecticides to larval habitats, particularly those that are useful in households, e. g. water storage vessels, prevents mosquito breeding for several weeks but must be re-applied periodically. Small, mosquito-eating fish and copepods (tiny crustaceans) have also been used with some success. During outbreaks, emergency vector control measures can also include broad application of insecticides as space sprays using portable or truck-mounted machines or even aircraft. However, the mosquito-killing effect is transient, variable in its effectiveness because the aerosol droplets may not penetrate indoors to microhabitats where adult mosquitoes are sequestered, and the procedure is costly and operationally difficult. Regular monitoring of the vectors susceptibility to widely used insecticides is necessary to ensure the appropriate choice of chemicals. Active monitoring and surveillance of the natural mosquito population should accompany control efforts to determine programme effectiveness. Anatomy and Physiology Blood Components * Plasma is a straw-colored liquid portion of the blood in which the cells and platelets are suspened. It makes up approximately 50-55% of a blood sample. It consist of water (approximately 92%), amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes and cellular wastes. Serum is essentially the same as plasma, only it has no fibrinogen and clotting factors. If whole blood is allowed to clot and the clot will be removed. Blood cells, along with platelets, comprise the remaining portion of the blood sample. The blood volume is approximately 8 percent of the total body weight. * Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. Erythrocytes contain the protein hemoglobin to which both O2 and CO2 attach. * Mature erythrocytes lack a n ucleus and most cellular organelles, thereby maximizing the cells volume and thus its ability to carry hemoglobin and to transport O2. * Erythrocytes are shaped like flattened donuts with a depressed center (rather than a donut hole). Their flattened shape maximizes surface area for the exchange of O2 and CO2 and allows flexibility that permits their passage through narrow capillaries. * Hemoglobin contains a protein portion, called globin, and nonprotein heme groups. Globin consists of four polypeptide chains, each of which contains a heme group. The heme group is a red pigment that contains a single iron atom surrounded by a ring of nitrogen-containing carbon rings. One oxygen atom attaches to the iron of each heme group, allowing a single hemoglobin molecule to carry four oxygen atoms. Each erythrocyte contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules. Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) forms in the lungs when erythrocytes are exposed to oxygen as they pass through the lungs. Deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) forms when oxygen detaches form the iron and diffuses into surrounding tissues. * Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2) forms when CO2 attaches to amino acids of the globin part of the hemoglobin molecule. About 25 percent of the CO2 transporte d from tissues to lungs is in this form. * Carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in erythrocytes, converts CO2 and H2O in the blood plasma to H+ and HCO3? About 65% of the CO2 collected from tissues travels in the blood plasma as HCO3?. Because they lack cellular organelles and thus physiology to maintain them, erythrocytes survive for only about 120 days. * Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs) has three types: * Granulocytes constitute 60-80% of the total number of leukocytes. They contain granules in their cytoplasm and act as phagocytes. The three types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils which are also referred as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. * Neutrophils are the most plenty of the granulocytes (55-70%). They act as a phagocytes that are less mature than a fully developed neutrophil. A shift to the left describes the increase in immature neutrophils resulting from activation of the bone marrow to produce white blood cells in response to infectious processes. As the bands mature, the nucleus becomes segmented and develops into neutrophils, which is why neutropils are often referred to as â€Å"segs†. Neutrophils are the first type of phagocytic cell to arrive at the site of invasion, drawn by chemicals released by damaged tissue and invading organism * Eosinophils accounts for 1% to 4% of the total number of circulatory leukocytes. They are also phagocytes but they are not efficient in this role compare to the neutrophils. They have the ability to engulf antigen-antibody complexes from allergic responses. They also have the ability to protect the individual from parasitic infections * Basophils (0. 5%-1% of all leukocytes) contain histamine, heparin and serotonin. These are similar to the mast cell activity seen in allergic and inflammatory reactions. Basophils have limited phagocytic activity. * Monocytes account for 2%-3% of circulating leukocytes and are large phagocytic cells produced in the bone marrow. Once they leave the circulation, they reside in tissues to become macrophages. Macrophages are responsible for removing dead and senescent cells as well as having the ability to engulf microorganisms. * Lymphocytes account for 20%-40% of circulating leukocytes. They originate primarily from the lymph nodes and also from the bone marrow. There are three types of lymphocytes: T-lymphocytes,B-lymphocytes and NK cells or mull cells. * Thrombocytes or platelets. Many of platelets are present in circulat ion. The spleen contains the remainder of platelets. Approximately 20,000 to 40,000 new platelets per cubic millimetre of blood are produced each day. The life span of platelets is approximately 10days. * `The major functions of platelets are to maintain homeostasis and coagulation. They have the ability to plug breaks in blood vessels and therefore are able to maintain the integrity of these vesssels * Platelets also release thromboplastin (factor 111) necessary for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, which is the first step of coagulation. Demographic Profile Name Address Age Sex Date of Birth Place of Birth Nationality Religion Civil Status Educational Attainment Father Occupation Mother Occupation OTHER Admitting Diagnosis: Acute Tonsilopharyngitis T/C Dengue Fever Syndrome Principal Diagnosis: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Attending Physician: Hospital Admitted: Date/Time Admitted: Date/Time Discharged: History of Present Illness According to the significant other, one day prior to admission the patient suffered fever with a temperature of 39. 5 Centigrade accompanied by productive cough able to expectorate yellowish non-blood tinged sputum. The patient was given Ibuprofen (Dolan) 250mg/ml to be taken every 4 hours but it didn’t relieve the patient. It was then followed up with Paracetamol 250mg/5ml with the same frequency. Few hours prior to admission, the patient still had a persistent fever which prompts the significant other to consult the present institution and through assessment, it was then advised that the patient should be admitted for further examination and management. History of Past Illness Through interview to the significant other, the patient was said to be completely immunized. The patient hasn’t been hospitalized for the past 7 years due to any accident or illnesses. The patient was said to be living in a concrete house but with a poor environment sanitation such as presence of garbages and stagnant water. Head to Toe Assessment BODY PART| FINDINGS| Skull| ? proportional to the size of the body, round, with prominences in the frontal area anteriorly ; the occipital area posteriorly, symmetrical in all planes, gently curved| Scalp/Hair| ? scalp is white, clean, free from masses, lumps, nits, dandruff ; lesions, with no areas of tenderness upon palpation; hair is black, evenly distributed ; covers the whole scalp, thick ; shiny| Face| ? oblong shaped, symmetrical, smooth ; no involuntary muscle movements| Eyes/Vision| ? yes are parallel ; evenly placed, symmetrical, nonprotruding, with scant amount of secretions, both eyes black ; clear; sclera is white ; clear; eyebrows are black, symmetrical, thick, can raise both symmetrically ; without difficulty, evenly distributed ; parallel with each other; eyelashes are evenly distributed ; turned outward; upper eyelids cover a small portion of the iris, cornea ; the sclera when the eyes are open, when the eyes are closed the lids meet completely , symmetrical ; the color is the same as the surrounding skin; lid margins are clear, without scaling or secretions; lower palpebral conjunctiva are shiny, moist, transparent ; salmon pink in color; iris are proportional to the size of the eye, round ; symmetrical; pupils are from pinpoint to almost the size of the iris, round, symmetrical, constricts with increasing light ; accommodation; able to move eyes in full range of directions| Ears/Hearing| ? ears are parallel, symmetrical, proportional to the size of the head, bean-shaped, helix is in line with the outer canthus of the eye, skin is the same color as the surrounding area ; clean; ear canal ispinkish, clean, with scant amount of cerumen ; a few cilia; able to hear whisper spoken 2 feet away | Nose| ? nose is in midline, symmetrical, patent; internal nares are clean, dark pink with few cilia| Mouth/Lips| ? lips are pinkish, symmetrical, lip margin is well-defined, mooth ; moist; gums are pinkish, smooth, moist, no swelling, n o retraction, no discharge; no dental caries; tongue is pinkish, slightly rough on top, smooth along the lateral margins, moist, shiny ; freely movable; cheeks are pinkish, moist ; smooth; frenulum is in midline, straight ; thin; soft palate is pinkish, smooth ; moist; hard palate is slightly pinkish; uvula is at the center, symmetrical ; freely movable| Neck| ? proportional to the size of the body ; head, symmetrical ; straight, no palpable lumps, masses or areas of tenderness| Thorax and Lungs| ? chest contour is symmetrical, spine is straight, no lumps, no masses, no tender areas, with clear breath sounds| Heart| ? no abnormal pulsations, pulsations are palpable ; visible in apical area| Breast| ? symmetrical, pinkish nipples, no cracks ; discharges, uniform in skin color, smooth ; intact, no lumps, masses ; tenderness| Abdomen| ? bdominal skin is unblemished, no scars, color is uniform with the body color, abdomen is rounded with symmetric movements caused by respiration; umbili cus is concave| Upper Extremities| ? symmetrical, with visible veins, fine hair evenly distributed, warm, dry ; elastic upon palpation, with area of tenderness on the left arm; palms are pinkish, warm, soft ; elastic; nails are transparent, smooth ; convex with light pink nail beds ; white translucent tips; 5 fingers in each hand; both shoulders, arms, elbows, hands ; wrists can be moved in different range of motion with relative ease; marks of petechial rashes| Lower Extremities| ? kin is smooth, fine hair is evenly distributed, absence of varicose veins, muscles symmetrical, length symmetrical, 5 toes in each foot, sole ; dorsal surface is smooth with pink nail beds ; white translucent tips; both legs, knees, ankles, ; toes can be moved in different range of motion with relative ease| Pathophysiology Predisposing factor Tropical areas Stimulates WBC Bite from mosquito (Aedes Aegypti) Virus enters circulation (Chikungunya Virus)) Virus disseminated to blood Precipitating factor Poo r environmental sanitation Mosquito carrying dengue virus Thermostat change Fever, flash skin and chills Stimulates hypothalamus Release of pyrogen IgG adheres to the platelet (initiates destruction of the platelet) Decrease clotting function thrombocytopenia Possible for bleeding rashes, melena, abdominal pain, low hgb, low hct and low rbc) stimulates intense inflammatory response Related Treatment Drug Infomation| Contraindications| Side Effects/ Adverse Effects| Nursing Intervention| Generic Name: ParacetamolDoctor’s Order: 250mg/5ml5ml p. o. every 4 hoursClassification: Anti-pyreticIndication: Treatment for feverDrug Action:Decrease fever by inhibiting the effects of pyrogens on the hypothalamic heat regulating centers and by a hypothalamic action leading to sweating and vasodilation| Contraindicated with allergy to acetaminophenUse cautiously with impaired hepatic function, chronic alcoholism, pregnancy, lactation. Side Effects Stimulation Drowsiness Abdominal painAdvers e Effects CNS: Headache CV: Chest pain, dyspnea, myocardial damage when doses of 5-8g/day are ingested daily for several weeks or when doses of 4g/day are ingested for 1 year GI: Hepatic toxicity and failure, jaundice GU: Acute renal failure, renal tubular necrosis Hematologic: Methemoglobinemia- cyanosis, hemolytic anemia- hematuria, anuria, neutropenia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia and hypoglycaemia Hypersensitivity: Rash, fever| Consideration * Assess for the temperature of the patient before giving the medication and during the peak level of the drug. Avoid using multiple preparations containing acetaminophen * Discontinue drug if hypersensitivity reactions occur. * Treatment for overdose: Monitor serum levels regularly, N-acetylcysteine should be available as a specific antidote; basic life support measure may be necessary. Education * Do not exceed recommended dose; do not take for longer than 10 days. * Advise patient that drug is only for short term use and to consult the physician if giving to children for longer than 5 days or adults for longer than 10 days. * Warn patient that high doses or unsupervised long term use can cause liver damage. * Report rash, unusual bleeding or bruising, yellowing of skin or eyes, changes in voiding patterns. | Drug Infomation| Contraindications| Side Effects/ Adverse Effects| Nursing Intervention| Generic Name: AmpicillinDoctor’s Order: Ampicillin 500mg IVClassification: PenicillinIndication: Active against: Streptococci, non penicillinase producing staphylococci, Listeria, Pneumococci, Enterococci, Haemophilus influenza, E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, Neisseria meningitides, N. gonorrhea, Shigella, SalmonellaDrug Action:Binds to bacterial cell wall, resulting in cell death| Contraindicated with allergy. | Side Effects: diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, rashesAdverse Effects: Seizure| Consideration * Monitor intake and output. * Assess food tolerance. Observe patient for signs and symptoms of Anaphylaxis( rash, pruritus, laryngeal edema, and wheezing) * Assess skin for â€Å"ampicillin rash†, normal allergic, dull red, macular or maculopapular, mildly pruritus. * Obtain a history before initiating therapy to determine previous use and reactions to penicill ins and cephalosphorins. Education * Instruct the patient to take medication around the clock and to finish the drug completely as directed, even if feeling better. * Caution patient to notify health care professional if fever and diarrhea occur, especially if stool contains blood, pus or mucus. | Date| Shift| Bot. #| Kind of Solution| Volume| Drops| CC hr| Time Started| 8/11/2011| 2-10| 1| PLR| 1L| | | 4:40pm| 8/12/2011| 6-2| 2| PLR| 1L| | | 8:05pm| 8/12/2011| 2-10| 3| D5 0. 3 Nacl| 1L| | | 9pm| Laboratory Result Hematology For a Complete Blood Count (CBC), specimens of venous blood are taken, it includes hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, erythrocyte (RBC) count, leukocyte (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) indices, and a differential white cell count. The CBC is a basic screening test and one of the most frequently ordered blood tests. | 08/11/2011 2:54pm| 08/12/2011 10:46am| 08/13/201105:29 pm| Normal Values| WBC| 3. 6| 4. 0| 2. 3| 5. 0 – 10. 0 X 10 g/L| DIFFERENTIAL COUNT| * NEUTROPHIL| 0. 66| 0. 27| 0. 34| 0. 40 – 0. 60| * LYMPHOCYTES| 0. 23| 0. 59| 0. 60| 0. 20 – 0. 40| * MONOCYTES| 0. 10| 0. 12| 0. 03| 0. 02 0. 08| * EOSINOPHILS| 0. 01| 0. 01| 0. 02| 0. 1 – 0. 03| * BASOPHILS| 0. 00| 0. 01| 0. 01| 0 – 0. 02| HEMOGLOBIN | 125| 135| 131| 140 – 175 g/L| HEMATROCRIT| 0. 37| 0. 40| 0. 39| 0. 42 – 0. 48| RBC| 4. 61| 4. 96| 4. 82| 5. 5 – 6. 5 X10 12/L| MCU| 81| 81| 80| 88 – 96| MCH| 27. 2| 27. 2| 27. 2| 27 – 33 pg| MCHC| 338| 337 | 338| 300 – 360 g/L| RDW| 11. 8| 11. 7| 11. 7| 12. 7 – 22. 7 %| PLATELET| 140| 142| 145| 150 – 450 X 10 g/L| MPV| 4. 74| 4. 6| 4. 6| 4. 5 – 7. 5 Fl| Urinalysis Urine tests include tests for specific gravity, pH and the presence of abnormal constituents such as glucose, ketones, protein, and occult blood. 8/11/2011 3:44 PM Urinalysis Macroscopic| | Chemical| | Color:Transparency:Microscopic:RBC:PUS Cells:BacteriaEpithelial CellsMucus ThreadsCrystalsAmorphous UratesAmorphous PhosphatesAmorphous BiuratesCalcium oxalate CastPUS CastCoarse Granular Cast:Fine Granular Cast:Remarks| YellowClearMicroscopic0 – 2 / HPF0 – 2 / HPFFewFewFewFew| SpecificPHNitrate: Protein:Glucose:ketone:Urobilinogen:Bilirubin:Leukocytes:Blood:Yeast Cells:Pregnancy:Micral Test:Others:| 1. 0156. 5NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNormalNegativeNegativeNegat ive| Serology Description| Result| Dengue NS: Ag| Negative| Dengue Blot| IgG| Negative| IgM| Negative| Recommendations * Boost immune system through eating rich in vitamin C foods and nutritious well-balance diet. * Increase oral fluid intake. * Call the physician and report any untoward signs and symptoms such as bleeding. Cover water drums and water pails at all times to prevent mosquitoes from breeding. * Replace water in flower vases once a week. * Clean all water containers once a week. Scrub the sid es well to remove eggs of mosquitoes sticking to the sides. * Clean gutters of leaves and debris so that rain water will not collect as breeding places of mosquitoes. * Old tires used as roof support should be punctured or cut to avoid accumulation of water. * Collect and dispose all unusable tin cans, jars, bottles and other items that can collect and hold water * Preventive Measures: (CLEAN). Accdg to DOH. Chemically treated mosquito nets Larvae eating fish Environmental clean up Anti mosquito soap/lotion Neem trees/eucalyptus tree