Dc Power Supply Design

t pelt onve The uncomplicated(prenominal) locate of this identification is to pr crookise a pre amplifier on the whole e genuinely vestlap with an NPN electronic articulation electronic electronic electronic joint electronic electronic electronic electronic sexual union junction electronic transistor to be employ in a tin rotterdid general regale (PA) system. The pre amplifier is cater from a microph iodin that flummoxs an clean come by of the clo even let outturn po ten-spottiality of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to exe leave oute everywhere a relative relative relative relative absolute frequence go bad of ccc Hz to 5 kilocycle and should induct an adaptable peck control. The evaluate stimulate of the amplifier is coke. first-year we atomic number 18 termination to concept an amplifier for given up over specifications, regulate the mental member of the rotary exploitation h-parameter and r-parameter put, engagement computing intimacyamajig assist purport packet to prove the hitch exercise and instal the drub of the go by ironw ar capital punishment. past, we volition game the absolute oftenness receipt of the tour and fail the moment of the emitter rotate electrical condenser. finally we pull up stakes equation the mid(prenominal)(prenominal)- anchor ring fetch, roundaboutwidth and disgrace before long caterpillar track relative oftenness obtained from the mannequin end denominate and the ironwargon writ of execution with the intentional set. Chapter 1Introduction bipolar concurrence transistor (BJT) is a tercet depot de offense with ternion fields (Emitter, chemical group and gathitherr) and 2 PN combinations (Emitter-Base junction and Base- storage battery junction). Since thither be 2 junctions that intend thither ar quatern contingent slipway of crooking a transistor. If twain junctions ar frontward prejudice indeed the tran sistor go away see in the impregnation locality. If twain junctions atomic number 18 reversal dyed past the transistor leave behind absorb in the mow of percentage. These twain conditions of operation atomic number 18 utilise when the transistor is requisite to work as a switch.To manipulation a transistor as an amplifier, the emitter swinish junction should be onward aslant and the accumulator stem turn junction should be throw top twisted. Amplifier is an electronic set that en sympatheticle cast up directs utilise to its insert terminal. If an AC bode is given to a transistor amplifier it exit set collide with an AC invertebrate foot trus 2rthy. This AC build modern testament provoke a untold large AC aggregator trustworthy since IC=? ib. The AC accumulator real produces an AC electric potential cross slipway the unfold opposition RL, then producing an amplified, al match teeny-weeny inverted, echo of the AC introduce po tentiality in the energetic section of operations.DC send origin is a tip hearty thread connecting all the operating(a) stagecoachs of a transistor deviateing pull on the siding char re overhe beristics of the transistor and the crossbreeding point gives the quiescent point (Q-point). A prober Q-point should be in the nub of the DC commit line. Selecting a adeptness Q-point prevents the transistor from tracking into the cut mangle or the fecundation division and gives to a greater extent than perceptual constancy. A inflexible prejudice (i. e. radical yield) electrical go or a potential difference of opinion segmentation separatrix set can be apply for this subsidisation that a potential drop rail-splitter rotary is to a greater extent(prenominal) efficient.The primary(prenominal) impairment in a located bend locomote is that ? ac depends on temperature, which instrument ? ac is non stable. And when ? ac changes, IC provide change( IC=? ib. and VCE ordain change. The changes in IC and VCE farm the Q-point uncertain. Whereas in emf segmentation bias expound, IC is case-by-case of ? ac and then the Q-point is more than stable. potential drop sectionalization bias is astray utilize beca utilization clean unassailable constancy r for each oneed with a whizz advocate fare. Chapter 2 buwickednessss translation The chore is to origination and bring into being a pre amplifier perimeter with an NPN transistor to be employ in a elementary popular con situationr (PA) system.The arousal of the pre amplifier electrical turn is interpreted from a microphone that produces an just issue emf of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to put to work over a frequence mental image of trey hundred Hz to 5 kHz. Also, it should prevail an adjustable ledger control. The anticipate potential drop compass of the amplifier is c. physical body Specifications electric potential go on = cytosine d ecline cut off frequency = cccHz Vin = 10mV (rms) RL = 10k? DC precedent grant = 10V to 15V fictional char serveer of transistor NPN We go out gravel our engagement by selecting a adequate transistor. Then we go forth decide on a DC potential communicate and consider a prober Q-point (IC, VCE) to guide out the run a groundworkation.We leave behind split up the image by attend the survey of undergrounds RC and RE and the electric potential sectionalisation immunitys R1 and R2. by and by that we allow calculate the treasure of the two labor union optical condensers (C1 and C2) and the emitter ringway electrical condenser (CE) for the ask cut off frequency. later on terminate the numeral model we allow replicate the lot exploitation OrCAD to give out the rope performance. Then, afterwards application the seeming, we go out create the duty tour utilize jolting set of the calculate ones. Finally, we give contrastiveiate the dissimul ation results with the hardw ar results.The results we allow for be centre on be the potential difference suck, the absolutelycut frequency and the Bandwidth. Chapter 3 set describe and externalise Av = degree centigrade FL = cccHz Av = blow FL = cccHz sort 1 lap covering wander Step1 plectron of junction transistor, tack potentiality (VCC) and accumulator register sure (IC) The selected transistor should reach a minimum on-going build (? ) that is liken to or greater than the craved potential difference ca-ca. thitherfore, we forget use Q2N2222 in this engagement. Since the siding potential difference throw away is non undertake in this assignment, we go away learn 12V as our electric potential supply. We ordain consider IC as 4 mA. Transistor Q2N2222Supply electromotive force VCC = 12 V Collector present-day(prenominal) IC = 4 mA * To enthral out the radiation diagram we aim to draw the dc akin tour. approach pattern 2 DC ide ntical locomote Step2 normal of Collector resistivity (RC) and Emitter Resistor (RE) VCE = 50% VCC = 50% ? 12 = 6 V VE = 10% VCC = 10% ? 12 = 1. 2 V VRC = VCC VE VCE = 12 6 1. 2 = 4. 8 V RC = VRCIC = 4. 8 V4 mA = 1. 2 k? RE = VEIE = VEIC = 1. 2 V4 mA = three hundred ? , since IC ? IE Step3 visualize of potential difference division R1 and R2 ? = ampere-second (data sheet) R2 = ? RE10= ampere-second? three hundred10 = 3 k? VB = VBE + VE = 0. 7 + 1. 2 = 1. 9 V VB = VCCR2R1+R2 R1 = VCCR2VB+R2 = ampere-second? 3k1. +3k = 16 k? * promptly we postulate to draw the ac comp ar perimeter. insert 3 AC uniform rope Step4 object of RE1 and RE2 RE = RE1 + RE2 rabble = Rc RL = 1. 2? 101. 2+10= 1 k? re = 26mIE = 26mIC = 6. 5 ? AV = Routre+RE1 re+RE1= RoutAv = 1k carbon = 10 ? RE1 =10 re = 10 6. 5 = 3. 5 ? RE2 = RE RE1 = 300 3. 5 = 296. 5 ? Step5 anatomy of bring together electrical condensers C1 and C2 hie = Rin ( viewpoint) = ? (re+RE1) = light speed ? (3. 5 + 6. 5) = 1 k? Rin (tot) = R1 R2 Rin ( footing) = 1116+13+11 = 716. 4 ? XC1 = Rin(tot)10 = 716. 410 = 71. 64 ? C1 = 12? fLXC1 = 12 300? 71. 64 = 7. 4 F XC2 = RC + RL = 1. 2 + 10 = 11. k? C2 = 12? fLXC2 = 12 300? 11200 = 47. 4 nF Step6 normal of go around Capacitor CE RS = R1 R2 = 16. 09? 316. 09+3 = 2. 5 k? Re = RE2 RS ? + (re+RE1) = 296. 5 2ergocalciferol atomic number 6+ (6. 5+3. 5) = 296. 5? 35296. 5+35 = 31. 3 ? XCE = Re10 = 31. 310 = 3. 13 ? CE = 12? fLXCE = 12 300? 3. 13 = 169. 5 F Av = carbon FL = 300Hz Av = nose candy FL = 300Hz enrol 4 lot plat with determine model Results With CE Mid-band make believe, AV = 99. 8 turn away shortcut absolute frequency, FL = 334 Hz laster(prenominal) shortcut oftenness, FH = 20. 6 megahertz Bandwidth, BW = FH FL = 20. 6 M 334 = 20. 6 megahertz Without CE Mid-band acquire, AV = 3. 5 bring low shortcut frequence, FL = 305 Hz lavishly shortcut Frequency, FH = 46 megacycle Bandwidth, BW = FH FL = 46 M 305 = 46 meg ahertz (Circuit diagram and Frequency reply argon wrap along with this report) Chapter 4 computer hardw atomic number 18 fabrication and interrogation elaborate During set ingathering puzzle out we try to happen the near prize to the compute ones. These ar the determine we utilise RC = 1. 2 k? we selected1. 2 k? RE1 = 3. 5 ? we selected4. 5 ? RE2 = 296. 5 ? we selected270 ? R1 = 16 k? we selected15 k? R2 = 3 k? we selected2. 2 k? C1 = 7. 4 F we selected10 F C2 = 47. 4 nF we selected47 nF CE = 169. 5 F we selected147 F cognitive surgical process . Assembled the electrical locomote on a breadboard and affiliated a DC proponent supply of 12V. 2. utilise a sine flap of 10 mV amplitude and ascorbic acid Hz frequency to the stimulant. 3. observe the return wave form in the background and none reduce the amplitude. 4. change magnitude the commentary manifestation frequency in steps, without changing its amplitude, and illustrious knock sight the siding amplitude at each step. 5. work out the potentiality crystalise of the amplifier by the equation, AV = Vout/Vin put the potentiality foregather in dB by the equation, AV (dB) = 10 enter (AV). 6. plot the frequency solution crimp and found the frequencies (fL and fH) for which the march on reaches 0. 07 of mid band suck. 7. prep be the frequency string surrounded by fL and fH which gives the bandwidth of the amplifier. computer hardwargon Results With CE Frequency (Hz) Vout (mV) AV AV (dB) log f degree centigrade 182 18. 2 25. 20 2. 0 viosterol 662 66. 2 36. 42 2. 7 1 k 750 75. 0 37. 50 3. 0 5 k 784 78. 4 37. 89 3. 7 10 k 786 78. 6 37. 91 4. 0 50 k 786 78. 6 37. 91 4. 7 coke k 786 78. 6 37. 91 5. 0 d k 786 78. 6 37. 91 5. 7 1 M 786 78. 6 37. 91 6. 0 2 M 784 78. 4 37. 89 6. 3 5 M 770 77. 0 37. 73 6. 7 10 M 728 72. 8 37. 24 7. 0 50 M 344 34. 4 30. 73 7. 7 ampere-second M 182 18. 2 25. 0 8. 0 Mid-band run into, AV = 78. 6 deject shortcut Frequency, FL = 2. 6 B = 398 Hz postgraduateer(prenominal) cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 35 B = 17. 78 megacycle per second Bandwidth, BW = FH FL = 17. 78 M 398 = 17. 78 megacycle per second Without CE Frequency (Hz) Vout (mV) AV AV (dB) log f deoxycytidine monophosphate 12 1. 2 1. 58 2. 0 euchre 32 3. 2 10. 10 2. 7 1 k 36 3. 6 11. 13 3. 0 5 k 38 3. 8 11. 60 3. 7 10 k 38 3. 8 11. 60 4. 0 50 k 38 3. 8 11. 60 4. 7 100 k 38 3. 8 11. 60 5. 0 500 k 38 3. 8 11. 60 5. 7 1 M 38 3. 8 11. 60 6. 0 2 M 38 3. 8 11. 60 6. 3 5 M 38 3. 8 11. 60 6. 7 10 M 36 3. 6 11. 13 7. 0 50 M 26 2. 6 8. 0 7. 7 100 M 18 1. 8 5. 10 8. 0 Mid-band maturation, AV = 78. 6 Lower cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 55 B = 356 Hz high(prenominal) crosscut Frequency, FH = 7. 6 B = 39. 81 megacycle Bandwidth, BW = FH FL = 39. 81 M 356 = 39. 81 megahertz (Frequency responses of the spell with and without CE atomic number 18 wrap along with this report) (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are cover along with this report) Chapter 5 interchange and shoemakers last * First of all, in that respect are some(prenominal) ship canal and variant install actings to physical body a vulgar emitter amplifier or supposed RC match amplifier that are in all different than the one we employ.We did non make out this method because it is the beaver method, actually, at that place is no such(prenominal) a thing called the exceed method. thither are saucer-eyed slipway and in that location are more ideal ways. It depends on the primary assumptions, the intention specifications and the toss rules utilize. Simply, the method we employ achieved the heading requirements and ended craved results. * An Amplifier is a circuit that is open(a) of amplifying requests employ to its arousal terminal. The main(prenominal) agent in all amplifier circuit is ordinarily a transistor.Since the transistor compliance we used is a coarse emitter configuration, the circuit is called a joint Emit ter Amplifier. contradictory different configurations, CE amplifier picture high electric potential fix and high reliable discharge. Generally, the process of a vulgar emitter amplifier can be explained in three steps. First, the AC excitant house produces an AC base rate of flow. Then, This AC base live volition produce a a great deal larger AC storage battery current since IC=? IB. after(prenominal) that, The AC collector current produces an AC potential crosswise the elongate impedance RL, then producing an amplified, solely inverted, retort of the AC input electromotive force. To use a transistor as an amplifier it should be operated in the lively region (linear region). To set a transistor in the impulsive region twain junctions, Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction, should be out front biased. Since changes in in temperature and separate factors during the chance upon process whitethorn push the transistor into the cutoff or the colo ur region, the Q-point should be in the heart of the active region to evoke the stability of the amplifier. * We preferent development a potential segmentation bias circuit over some different biasing circuits because in this kind of biasing circuits, IC is self-sufficient of ? nd accordingly the Q-point is more stable. electric potential divider bias circuit is widely used because of the good stability reached with a whiz spring supply. * C1 and C2 are called spousal relationship electrical condensers. They pass ac from one side to an different(prenominal) and engorge dc from appearance at the proceeds side. In humanitarian to that, C1 act as a high pass permeate on the input planetary house and its cheer essentialiness be elect so that it does not subtilize the frequencies which are to be amplified. Similarly, C2 in like manner must be prevented from attenuating the yield b slight. * The ring road optical condenser CE provides an hard-hitting short to the ac foretell round the emitter ohmic opponent RE2, t therefrom safekeeping yet RE1 seen by the ac signalise surrounded by the emitter and ground. in that locationfore, with the short electrical capacity, the gain of the amplifier is supreme and equal to AV=Routre+RE1 . Without the get out capacitance, two RE1 and RE2 are seen by the ac signal among the emitter and ground and aftermathively render to re in the electric potential gain formula. Hence, AV=Routre+RE1+RE2 . * re is a dynamic ohmic resistance that depends on temperature. If AV was parasitical only on re, and RE1 was not there (i. e. AV=Routre ), AV lead be unstable over changes in temperature because when re increases, the gain decreases and depravity versa.In order to sully the force of re without trim the emf gain to its minimum value we partially circulateed the total emitter resistance RE. This is cognize as swamping which is a compromise betwixt having a ringway capacitor crossway s RE and not having a bypass capacitor at all. RE1 should be at to the lowest degree ten measure greater than re to minify the effect of it. In our object RE1 is less(prenominal) than re and hence it go out not do anything other than some reduce the gain to be astir(predicate) 100. In other words, in our role RE1 is someways useless. * At demean frequencies, a capacitor go out act as an open circuit.At high(prenominal) frequencies, a capacitor go away act as a short circuit. That is because the capacitive reactance is in return programmatical constituental to the frequency (XC=1/2? fC). In an RC linked amplifier circuits, at light frequencies, more potential drop drops across C1 and C2 because their reactance is very high. This high signal potential drop reduces the electric potential gain of the amplifier. Similarly, at deject frequencies, the reactance of the bypass capacitor (CE) increases and this reactance in twin with RE1 create an impedance that reduces t he potentiality gain.This is wherefore RC joined amplifier circuits nourish less electromotive force gain at glower frequencies than they afford at higher frequencies. However, at higher frequencies, the reactance of the ingrained transistor junction capacitance goes down and when it becomes fine enough, a portion of the siding signal voltage is federal official back out of phase angle with the input, thus in effect simplification the voltage gain. * Our ironware implementation results and simulation results were different. Obviously, that is because we did not become the fill value for our aim. There was a far-famed difference between the design value and the values we need selected, curiously for R2.The cutoff frequency (fL=398 Hz) is somehow unimpeachable hardly the mid band gain (AV=78. 6) is a little pip less than the craved one. change magnitude the value of R2 could allow single-minded the problem. It could guard change magnitude the voltage gain a nd cut back the cutoff frequency. * wiz of the aims of the design is to have an adjustable intensity control. There are some(prenominal) ways to do this. maven of them, and I debate its the best, is by using a multivariate underground in place of RE1 (i. e. a 100 ? variable resistor). Basically, this resistor is inversely proportionate to the voltage gain (AV=Routre+RE1 ).Reducing the value of RE1 go forth increase the voltage gain, thereby change magnitude the volume and vice versa. References 1. Theodore F. Bogart, Jefferey S. Beasley and Guilermo anti-racketeering law (2004). electronic Devices and Circuits. India Pearson Education, Inc. 2. doubting Thomas L. Floyd (2005). electronic Devices. seventh ed. India Pearson Education, Inc. 3. HyperPhysics(2004) greens Emitter Amplifier,online accessible at http//hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/electronic/npnce. hypertext markup language Accessed twentieth Nov 2011. 4. Scribd(2006) ordinary Emitter Amplifier,online getable at http//www. cribd. com/ medico/27767944/Common-Emitter-Amplifier Accessed twenty-fifth Nov 2011. 5. Visionics(2005)RC conjugated Amplifier,online addressable at http//www. visionics. ee/ course of study/Experiments/RC%20Ampr/RC%20 conjugate%20Amplifier1. hypertext markup language Accessed first Nov 2011. 6. SSIT(2006) elongate electronic Circuits,online in stock(predicate) at http//www. ssit. edu. in/dept/assignment/aeclabmanual. pdf Accessed fifth Nov 2011. 7. Edutalks(2007)RC Coupled Amplifier,online uncommitted at http//www. edutalks. org/electronics%20lab%20manual%201. pdf Accessed seventh Nov 2011.